研究生英语阅读教程Unit19.ppt
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研究生英语阅读教程Unit19.ppt
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UnitNineteenSurvivinginSpaceByMichaelF.Long,NationalGeographic,January2001Questions1.Isitpossibleformankindtosettleinspacepermanently?
2.Whatkindofchangesarethepriceforthetickettospace?
3.WhatdoyouknowaboutthedevelopmentofChinasspaceflight?
TextBoardingabusattheGagarinCosmonautTrainingCenternorthofMoscow,11GermantouristschatexcitedlyabouttheirholidayRussiasaerospaceholiday,whereyoutradecashforthrillsandspills.ThreemenreportthattomorrowtheywillhavearideintheMiG-21fighter($4,000apiece).Aslenderwomanwearingthickglassesandabuzzcutrevealsthatsheisgoingtodothecentrifuge($2,000),awhirlingdevicethatwillsubjecthertoperhaps5gs,orfivetimestheforceofgravity.Rightnowtheyreallexperiencingthe1gcommontoEarthlingsbutarelookingforwardtoadoseofzerogravity(for$1,500ahead)thatproducesweightlessness.AtChkalovskyAirForceBasetheyenterthehugecargohayofafour-engineIlyushin-76MOK.Thebrilliantlywhiteaircraftsurgesdowntherunway,enginesscreaming.Rightnowtheyreallexperiencingthe1gcommontoEarthlingsbutarelookingforwardtoadoseofzerogravity(for$1,500ahead)thatproducesweightlessness.AtChkalovskyAirForceBasetheyenterthehugecargohayofafour-engineIlyushin-76MOK.Thebrilliantlywhiteaircraftsurgesdowntherunway,enginesscreaming.Ataltitudeasteep45-degreeclimbbegins.Brightlightscomeon,andthepilotsays,“Prepareforzerogravity”thenlowersthenoseoftheairplanetoproduceabout30secondsofweightlessness.Magically,weallriselikesmokeandfloatandflyaround.Justlikethat.Peoplewriggling,eyeswide,mouthsopen,facessmiling,frowning.Bodiesturningupsidedownastunningsightthatmyeyesrecordbutthatmybrainseemsunabletointerpret.Duringotherzero-gravityperiods,oneofmycompanionsricochetsofftheceiling,Anotherdoesweightlessgymnastics.Anothertossesmearoundthecargobaylikeajavelin,twirlsmelikeabaton.Thisisseriousfun,asexhilaratingastheairbornemaneuversIvetaughtasanaerobaticsflightinstructor.Buttheslenderwomanwiththebuzzcutandtwoothersaresilentlyvomitingintoplasticbags.Theremainderofthegroup,whilenotovertlysick,seemtohavelostinterest.Theyareexperiencingthemotionsicknessthatafflictsmorethantwo-thirdsofallastronautsuponreachingorbit,evenveterantestpilotswhohaveneverbeenairsick.Thougheveryonerecoversafterafewdaysinspace,bodysystemscontinuetochange.Deprivedofgravityinformation,aconfusedbrainengendersvisualillusions.Bodyfluidssurgetochestandhead.Neckveinsbulge.Facespuff.Theheartenlargesabit,asdootherorgans.Sensingtoomuchfluid,thebodybeginstoexcreteit,includingcalcium,electrolytes,andbloodplasma.Theproductionofredbloodcellsdecreases,renderingastronautsslightlyanemic.Withthelossoffluid,legsshrink.Spinaldiscsexpand,andsodoestheastronautasix-footercansoonmeasuresix-foot-twoandsufferabackache.Inanastoundingfeatofadaptation,Earthlingsarebecomingspacelings,andthoughtheprocessmaysoundterrible,astronautsadjusttoit,cometoenjoyit,andseemnoworseforwearatleastforshortmissionssuchasspaceshuttleflightsthatlastaweekortwo.Duringlongerflights,however,physiologyentersanunknownrealm.Aswatched,cosmonautsreturnfromlongflightswobbly,pale,unabletostandwithoutfainting,needingtobecarriedfromthespacecraft.“WearecreaturesoftheEarth,”Iwastold:
“Thesechangesarethepriceforthetickettospace.Americansreturningfrommonths-longflightsonMir,theRussianspacestation,alsopaidaprice,sufferinglossesinweight,musclemass,andbonedensity.NASAgeareduptoseehowevenifhumanswouldsurvivethemostdemandingofspaceventures,amissiontoMars,whichcouldlastaslongasthreeyears.Manybiomedicalproblemscouldcompromiseamission,duringlongdurationspaceflighttheheartlosesmusclemass,whilethelargeweight-bearingmusclesofthelegsgraduallyatrophy,havinglittleworktodointheabsenceofgravity.Densityinsuchbonesasthepelvisandlegsrelentlesslydecreases1to2percentamonthonaverageaboutwhatapostmenopausalwomanmightloseinayear.WaitinginambushbeyondtheshieldofEarthsatmosphere,solarandgalacticradiationcanpepperanastronautsbodylikemachine-gunfire.RadiocommunicationstoEarthandbackfromaMarscrewwilltakeaslongas40minutes,leavingastronautsprettymuchontheirown.Confinedtoaspacecraftroughlythesizeoftwomotelrooms,howwilltheygetalongwitheachother?
Andwiththemselveswhataboutloneliness,depression,andmedicalemergencies?
PreoccupiedwiththedemandsofbuildingtheInternationalSpaceStation,NASAhasnoMarsmissiononthebooks.WhenItalkedtoNASAastronautsandscientists,though,Isawthegleamintheireyes.“IdgotoMarsinamin
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