项目周期外文翻译.docx

项目周期外文翻译.docx

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项目周期外文翻译

附录：

英文文献与翻译

TheProjectCycle

Ifthequestion,〞Whatdoestheworldbankdo?

〞hadtobeansweredinafewwords,thosewordswouldbe:

〞Itlendsfordevelopmentprojects.〞TheWorldBank'smainbusiness,thatis,loanstothosewhohavebeencarefullyselectedandpreparedacomprehensiveassessmentof,andstrictsupervisionaswellasthesystematicevaluationoftheparticularitem.BankforReconstructionandDevelopmentsincetheirinceptionin1946,anditssubsidiary'ssoftlendinginstitutions-theInternationalDevelopmentAssociation（theIDA,1961operationwasputintooperation）,togetherprovidedatotalof3094Tforthehardwareprojectdevelopmentloansandsoftloans,thetotalhasmorethan92billionU.S.dollars.Thevastmajorityoftheseloans,thatis,morethan90%forspecificprojectssuchasschools,agriculturalproductionplanning,dam,roadconstruction,andfertilizerplants.

TheBankwillfocusonprojectloans,theWorldBanktoensurethatfundsareinvestedreliable,productiveprincipleoftheproject.Theseprojectscanpromoteeconomicdevelopmentinborrowingcountries,butalsotakingintoaccounttheabilitytorepayloans.WorldBankisadevelopmentagencies,butalsoafinancialinstitution,theloanforeachprojectmustbeconsistentwiththecharacteristicsofthedual.

Inrecentyears,thenumberofitemsandamountsofloanshavesignificantgrowth.Intheearly50,theWorldBank'sannualloansoflessthan20pens,atotalamountofabout400millionU.S.dollars,andthevastmajorityconcentratedinEuropeandLatinAmerica;inthe1967financialyear,atotalof67loanstotaling1.1billionU.S.dollars;inJune1986ringthefinancialyear,approvedaloanfor246pens,thetotalamountofupto12.3billionU.S.dollars,respectively,to90countries.

Therehasbeennolessachangeinthecharacterofprojects.Fromlendingcountries,developmentstrategyandprojectdesignofloans,theWorldBankLoanofthegrowingtendencytodevelop.

-Borrowingcountries:

agradualshiftofloansinAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,povertyandtheleastdevelopedcountries.

-Developmentstrategy:

theso-calledprogressive'stheory,thateconomicgrowthwilleventuallybenefitthebroadmassesofthepoor,theWorldBankhasbeenamorereasonablewaytoreplaceitsurbanandruralpovertybyincreasinglaborproductivityinthepopulationandthestandardoflivingoftheplan,thewholeeconomywillacceleratetheeradicationofpovertyanddirecttogether.

-Sector:

thefocusfrominfrastructureandindustrytoawiderrangeofprojects,onlytospeedupthedevelopment,provisionofbasicservicesandimprovingincomedistribution.Althoughtheinfrastructureisstillimportant,butthebandwidthofthescopeoftheWorldBankhasdevelopedandextendedtoagricultureandruraldevelopment,roommatesandgas,urbanconstructionandpublicfacilities,watersupplyandsanitationcomfortable,smallbusiness,education,healthcare,populationandnutritioninallitsaspects.

-ProjectDesign:

newandtraditionalpaymoreattentiontothevarioussectorsofthedistributionofincomeandemployment,thedevelopmentofregionalresourcesandtechnologydevelopmentinstitutions,generoustalent,theimpactontheenvironmentandtheeliminationoftheshacklesofsocialandculturalissues.However,theWorldBankhasalwaysbeenattentiontotheroleofthemarket,possibleprice,qualitylinkedtoyouand,wherefeasible,torecoverthecostoftheprojecttoensurethepropermaintenanceoftheprojectandreconstructionoftheareasofconcernhavealsoincreased.

Thisevolutioninthedevelopmentorientation-andinthequality-ofbanklendingcanbeillustrated,attheriskofoversimplification,bycomparinga“typical〞loanofthe1950switha“typical〞loanofthe1970s.

50'sloansmaybeusedforamiddle-incomedevelopingcountriestheconstructionofpowerplants.Byforeignconsultantstodesignandsupervision,foreigncontractorsandsuppliersresponsiblefortheimplementationoftheforeignstafftoassistinthemanagementofprojects,fromacertainsense,theprojectistakingabroad.Astheprojectmanagementorganizationintheanalysis,theWorldBankfortheprojecttechnicalandfinancialfeasibilityanalysis.Buthereallytheprojectintheenergysectorinthecontextofthesituationinwhich,powerdistribution,feesstructureofthestandardsandtheimpactofelectricityconsumption,suchasthelackofsufficientattention.

70'sloansmaybeusedtofightalow-incomeruraldevelopmentindevelopingcountries.Theprojectprovidedacompletesetofgoodsandservices（includingancillaryfacilities,credit,marketing,storage,infrastructureprojectsandstudies,etc.）inordertoimprovethelivesofruralproductivityandbookreviews.Expandtheexistinglocalpublicinstitutionsortheestablishmentofnewinstitutions;inawiderangeofco-ordinationoftrainingprograms,tomakefulluseoflocaltalent;topromotelow-costdesignandapplicationofappropriatetechnology,againforlocalcontractorsandsupplierstoprovidemoreopportunities;intheprojecttoestablishamonitoringandevaluationsystemtohelpcoordinatetheimplementationoftheprojectandlessonslearnedforfutureprojects;alsopaidattentiontocostrecoveryfrombeneficiarieswheretheprojecttoensureavirtuouscircle.

Althoughrecordsindicatethattheprojectoverthechangesanddevelopment,buttheWorldBankisstillinvolvedinasmallnumberoflargerprojects.Nowwithatotalinvestmentof140millionU.S.dollarsfortheproject,theWorldBank'saverageloanamountofabout5milliondollars.BeindependentoftheprojectstheWorldBankcanplayanimportantroleindemonstrations,theyareabletoisolateotherinvestorsasapartneroranindependentprovideroffunds,theWorldBankloanonthebasisoffreedomofcapitalinjection.1981WorldBank-fundedprojects1/3tobejointlyfinancedfromabroad.

EachoftheWorldBank-fundedprojectswillhavetocontributetodevelopmentgoalsandtheeconomic,technicalandfinancialmustbehonestandreliable.Notwoprojectsaresimilar,eachprojecthasitsownuniquebackground,theloanmustbefortheactualsituation.Inaddition,eachprojectwillbegoingthroughacycle,althoughsomedifferences,butessentiallythesameprocess.Thisarticlewilldiscussthevariousstagesoftheprojectcycle,includingprojectselection,preparation,evaluation,negotiation,reportingtotheExecutiveBoard,implementationandmonitoringandevaluationofthefinal.TheBankalsodiscussedthevariousstagesoftherole.Interfacebetweenthevariousstagesofthefinalstageandwill,inturn,generatenewmethodsandideastotheproject,theintroductionoftheheartoftheselectedprojectstobeself-renewalcycle.

Thebank’sroleintheprojectcycleisperformedlargelybyitsprojectsstaff,whonownumberabout1300drawnfrom100nationalities.WorldBankprojectstaffabouttheemploymentofallthebusiness3/4,accountingforallthelargenumberofotherexpertsinvariousdisciplines,includingagronomists,expertsintropicalcrops,groundwaterexperts,agriculturalcreditandlivestockexperts,demographers,architects,ruralandurbansociologists,publichealthexperts,environmentalists,macro-planningworkers,educatorsandenergyexperts.TechnicalexpertsintheirrespectiveareasofaccumulatedrichexperienceandthedevelopmentofatimewhenaccessiontotheWTOwhenthelinetowork,butitalsoistobecomemanagers.MostofthemtoChinaandRussiahaveworkedindevelopingcountries.WorldBankstaffontherequirementsoftheirprojectshaveawiderangeofdevelopmentprojectsandhaveareasonableunderstandingoftheindependentjudgmentsofcompetenceandexperience.WecansaythattheWorldBankstaffintheranksofscale,diversificationofthecountryandcareerareunique.

Selectedprojects

    Projectcycleofthefirstphaseinvolvedtheselectionofprojects.Suchprojectsmusthaveaveryhighpriority,lookedworthyofthesupportoftheWorldBank,atthesametimecanleadtotheWorldBank,theGovernmentandtheborrower'sinterestandtoconsiderthethree.Early,theselectionofprojectscarriedoutbyspecialmeans,primarilyonthebasisofthegovernmentandtheborrower'sproposedtotakeinonewayoranother2.Overtheyears,theWorldBankhavebeenborrowingcountriestoencourageandhelpimprovetheirplanningcapacity,atthesametimeimprovetheirownmethodsofprojectselection.TheWorldBankcarriedoutonacountry'seconomicandsectoranalysis,inordertoturnoverthedevelopmentofareasonableevaluationoftheongoingdevelopmentstrategylaidthefoundationfordialogue,thestrategy,includingthecountry'smainsectorsoftheeconomyandthepolicyandinstitutionalreforms.ThenbeselectedsothattheapplicationoftheWorldBankandcontributetoacontinuousdevelopmentstrategy,inlinewiththerequirementsofvariousdepartmentsandtheGovernmentandtheWorldBank'sapprovalofbothprojects.Theseprojectsalsomustgothroughapreliminaryfeasibilitystudythatidentifiedinthetechnologyandmanagementprogramonthepossibilityofinvestmentefficiencyinlinewithexpectations.

Selectedaprojectinlinewiththeabove-mentionedrequirementswillnotbeeasy,becausetheyarelikelytolackthegoodsensetomakeonlythenecessary.GovernmentandotherlendinginstitutionsmaybeintheprioritydevelopmentgoalsandsectorswithdifferentviewsoftheWorldBank.Thesizeofthechoiceofprojectsmaybedifficult（fromthepilotphaseistostart,orstartwithalargeramount,theriskofgreaterinvestmentinthebeginning?

）,Inorder