完整word版语言学导论复习资料.docx
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完整word版语言学导论复习资料.docx
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完整word版语言学导论复习资料
Chapter1Introduction
I.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
1.IfastudydescribesandanalyzestheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobeC
A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic
2.WhichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanIanguage?
D
A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness
3.ModernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenIanguageasC.
A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable
4.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because
D.
A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting
B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue.
D.Alloftheabove
5.AhistoricalstudyofIanguageisa__B__studyofIanguage.
A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative
6.
Saussuretooka(n)AviewofIanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguage
7.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,_Creferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemshared
byallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
A.paroleB.performaneeC.LangueD.language
8.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween
__Bandmeanings.
A.senseB.SoundsC.objectsD.ideas
9.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituations
ofthespeaker.ThisfeatureiscalledA.
D.culturaltransmission
A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibility
10.ThedetailsofanyIanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough__D__,ratherthanbyinstinct.
A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandB
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.1.
1.DualityisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanIanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatIanguageconsistsoftwolevels:
alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.
2.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
3.ThedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinIanguagesiscalledsyntax.
4.HumancapacityforIanguagehasagenetic,basis,butthedetailsofIanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.
5.Parole_referstotherealizationofIangueinactualuse.
6.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasapplied_linguistics.
7.Languageisproductive,inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.
III.Definethefollowingterms.
1.Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.
2.Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestoIanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondIanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.
3.Arbitrariness:
ItisoneofthedesignfeaturesofIanguage.Itmeansthatthere
isnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
4.DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatIanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5.Duality:
ThedualitynatureofIanguagemeansthatIanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.
6.Designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhuman
Ianguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.
1.Awolfisabletoexpresssubtlegradationsofemotionbydifferentpositionsoftheears,thelips,andthetail.Thereareelevenposturesofthetailthatexpresssuchemotionsasself-confidenee,confidentthreat,lackoftension,uncertainthreat,depression,defensiveness,activesubmission,andcompletesubmission.Thissystemseemstobecomplex.Supposetherewereathousanddifferentemotionsthatthewolfcouldexpressinthisway.WouldyouthensayawolfhadaIanguagesimilartoman's?
Ifnot,Whynot?
答案1.No.Hint:
Wolf'wayofexpressingemotionsdoesnotpresentthe
definingfeaturesofhumanIanguage.Examinethemonebyone.
2.WhydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformofIanguageasprimary,notthewritten?
答案2.Whilespeechisthevocal/spokenformofIanguage,writingisthewrittenformofIanguage.Theybelongtodifferentsystemsthoughtheymayoverlap.
Thatspeechisprimaryoverwritingisageneralprincipleoflinguistic
analysis.First,speechexistedlongbeforewritingsystemscameintobeing.
Second,writtenformsjustrepresentinthiswayorthatthespeechsounds.
Third,geneticallychildrenlearntospeakbeforelearningtowrite.
However,emphasizingtheprimacyofspeechisbynomeanstodeny
theimportaneeofwriting,whichgivesIanguagenewscopeandusesthat
speechdoesnothave.First,withwriting,messagescanbecarriedthroughspaceandtime.Second,oralmessagearesubjecttodistortion,eitherintentionalorotherwise,causingmisunderstanding,whilewrittenmessagesremainexactlythesamewhetherreadathousandyearslaterortenthousandmilesaway.
Everythingconsidered,speechisbelievedtomorerepresentativeofhumanIanguagethanwriting.Mostmodernlinguisticanalysisisthusfocusedonspeech,differentfromtraditionalgrammarofthe19thcenturyandtherebefore.
3.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
答案3.First,linguisticsisdescriptive,whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.
LinguisticsdescribesIanguagesastheyareanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectness;traditionalgrammaremphasizessuchmattersascorrectnessandaimstoprescribewhatisright.
Second,linguisticsregardsthespokenIanguageasprimary,notthewritten.
Third,traditionalgrammarisbasedonLatinandittriestoimposetheLatincategoriesandstructuresonotherIanguages(Latinpatternsandcategories,especiallyitscasesystemandtensedivisionsofpast,presentandfuture),whilelinguisticsdescribeseachIanguageonitsownmerits.
LinguistsareopposedtothenotionthatanyoneIanguagecanprovideanadequateframeworkfortheothers.Theyaretryingtosetupauniversalframework,butthatwillbebasedonthefeaturessharedbymostoftheIanguagesusedbymankind.
(TraditionalgrammarisusuallybasedonearliergrammarsofLatinandappliedthem,ofteninappropriately,tosomeotherIanguage.Forexample,somegrammariansstatedthatEnglishhadsixcasesbecauseLatinhadsixcases.)
4.Saussure'destinctionbetweenIangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompeteneeandperformanee.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?
答案4.AccordingtoSaussure,languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationofIangueinactualuse.LangueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichIanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnottheIanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringIanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
AccordingtoChomsky,competeneeistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhisIanguage.ThisinternalizedsetofrulesenablestheIanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.However,performaneeistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker'sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc.Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetenee,whichissystematic,nottheperformanee,whichistoohaphazard.
AlthoughSaussure"dstinctionandChomsky'sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewofIanguageandhisnotionofIangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatIanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewsandtohim,competeneeisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.
Chapter2TheSoundsofLanguage
1.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistributionF
2.AphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaningF
3.EnglishisatoneIanguagewhileChineseisnoF
4.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.T
5.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationeonveyed.T
6.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.
7.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthet
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