GRE写作例子经验总结.docx
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GRE写作例子经验总结.docx
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GRE写作例子经验总结
竞争
WhatAmericanschoolsdoeffectivelyteachisthecompetitivemethod.Ininnumerablewayschildrenarepittedagainsteachother—whetherinclassroomdiscussion,spellingbees,readinggroups,ortests.EveryclassroomisexpectedtoproduceascatteringofA'sandF's(teachersoftengradeA=excellent;B=good;C=average;D=poor;andF=failed).AteacherwhogivesallA'slookstoosoft—sostudentsareawarethattheyarecompetingforthelimitednumberoftopmarks.
标准和道德
Thetruthoftherealworldisthatwithoutstandardsandjudgments,therecanbenoprogress.Unlesswearepreparedtosayirrationalthings—thatnothingcanbeprovenmorevaluablethananythingelseorthateverythingisequallyworthless—wemustaskthenormativequestion.
道德
ButtherearevaluesthatallAmericancitizensshareandthatweshouldwantallAmericanstudentstoknowandtomaketheirown:
honesty,fairness,self-discipline,fidelitytotask,friends,andfamily,personalresponsibility,loveofcountry,andbeliefintheprinciplesofliberty,equality,andthefreedomtopracticeone'sfaith.
教育孩子老师作则
Thereisnoescapingthefactthatyoungpeopleneedasexamplesprincipalsandteacherswhoknowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,goodandbad,andwhothemselvesexemplifyhighmoralpurpose.
教育孩子家长作则
Youcan'texpectchildrentotakemessagesaboutrulesormoralityseriouslyunlesstheyseeadultstakingthoserulesseriouslyintheirday-to-dayaffairs.Certainthingsmustbesaid,certainlimitslaiddown,andcertainexamplesset.Thereisnootherway.
重视教育
Asanyparentknows,teachingcharacterisadifficulttask.Butitisacrucialtask,becausewewantourchildrentobenotonlyhealthy,happy,andsuccessfulbutdecent,strong,andgood.Noneofthishappensautomatically;thereisnogenetictransmissionofvirtue.Ittakestheconscious,committedeffortsofadults.Ittakescarefulattention.
失败,错误与成功
Mostpeopleconsidersuccessandfailureasopposites,buttheyareactuallybothproductsofthesameprocess.AsYazsuggests,anactivitywhichproducesahitmayalsoproduceamiss.Itisthesamewithcreativethinking;thesameenergywhichgeneratesgoodcreativeideasalsoproduceserrors.
Manypeople,however,arenotcomfortablewitherrors.Oureducationalsystem,basedon"therightanswer"belief,cultivatesourthinkinginanother,moreconservativeway.Fromanearlyage,wearetaughtthatrightanswersaregoodandincorrectanswersarebad.Thisvalueisdeeplyembeddedintheincentivesystemusedinmostschools:
不敢失败和保守的态度
Withthiskindofattitude,youaren'tgoingtobetakingtoomanychances.Ifyoulearnthatfailingevenalittlepenalizesyou(e.g.,beingwrongonly15%ofthetimegarnersyouonlya"B"performance),youlearnnottomakemistakes.Andmoreimportant,youlearnnottoputyourselfinsituationswhereyoumightfail.Thisleadstoconservativethoughtpatternsdesignedtoavoidthestigmaoursocietyputson"failure."
Fromapracticalpointofview,"toerriswrong"makessense.Oursurvivalintheeverydayworldrequiresustoperformthousandsofsmalltaskswithoutfailure.Thinkaboutit:
youwouldn'tlastverylongifyouweretostepoutinfrontoftrafficorstickyourhandintoapotofboilingwater.Inaddition,engineerswhosebridgescollapse,stockbrokerswholosemoneyfortheirclients,andcopywriterswhoseadcampaignsdecreasesaleswon'tkeeptheirjobsverylong.
Nevertheless,toogreatanadherencetothebelief"toerriswrong"cangreatlyundermineyourattemptstogeneratenewideas.Ifyouaremoreconcernedwithproducingrightanswersthangeneratingoriginalideas,you'llprobablymakeuncriticaluseoftherules,formulae,andproceduresusedtoobtaintheserightanswers.Bydoingthis,you'llby-passthegerminalphaseofthecreativeprocess,andthusspendlittletimetestingassumptions,challengingtherules,askingwhat-ifquestions,orjustplayingaroundwiththeproblem.Allofthesetechniqueswillproducesomeincorrectanswers,butinthegerminalphaseerrorsareviewedasanecessaryby-productofcreativethinking.AsYazwouldputit,"ifyouwantthehits,bepreparedforthemisses."That'sthewaythegameoflifegoes.
失败的名人例子!
太好啦!
Asamatteroffact,thewholehistoryofdiscoveryisfilledwithpeoplewhousederroneousassumptionsandfailedideasassteppingstonestonewideas.ColumbusthoughthewasfindingashorterroutetoIndia.JohannesKeplerstumbledontotheideaofinterplanetarygravitybecauseofassumptionswhichwererightforthewrongreasons.And,ThomasEdisonknew1800waysnottobuildalightbulb.
这一段好哪!
失败走向成功的例子
NegativeFeedback
Errorsserveanotherusefulpurpose:
theytelluswhentochangedirection.Whenthingsaregoingsmoothly,wegenerallydon'tthinkaboutthem.Toagreatextent,thisisbecausewefunctionaccordingtotheprincipleofnegativefeedback.Oftenitisonlywhenthingsorpeoplefailtodotheirjobthattheygetourattention.Forexample,youareprobablynotthinkingaboutyourkneecapsrightnow;that'sbecauseeverythingisfinewiththem.Thesamegoesforyourelbows:
theyarealsoperformingtheirfunction—noproblematall.Butifyouweretobreakaleg,youwouldimmediatelynoticeallofthethingsyoucouldnolongerdo,butwhichyouusedtotakeforgranted.
Negativefeedbackmeansthatthecurrentapproachisnotworking,anditisuptoyoutofigureoutanewone.Welearnbytrialanderror,notbytrialandrightness.Ifwedidthingscorrectlyeverytime,wewouldneverhavetochangedirection—we'djustcontinuethecurrentcourseandendupwithmoreofthesame.
Forexample,afterthesupertankerAmocoCadizbrokeupoffthecoastofBrittanyinthespringof1978,therebypollutingthecoastwithhundredsofthousandsoftonsofoil,theoilindustryrethoughtmanyofitssafetystandardsregardingpetroleumtransport.ThesamethinghappenedaftertheaccidentattheThreeMileIslandnuclearreactorin1979—manyproceduresandsafetystandardswerechanged.
Welearnbyourfailures.Aperson'serrorsarethewhacksthatleadhimtothinksomethingdifferent.
引用
Thecreativedirectorofanadvertisingagencytoldmethatheisn'thappyunlessheisfailingatleasthalfofthetime.Asheputsit,"Ifyouaregoingtobeoriginal,youaregoingtobewrongalot."
Oneofmyclients,thepresidentofafast-growingcomputercompany,tellshispeople:
"We'reinnovators.We'redoingthingsnobodyhaseverdonebefore.Therefore,wearegoingtobemakingmistakes.Myadvicetoyou:
makeyourmistakes,butmaketheminahurry."
Nature'sErrors
[[Natureservesasagoodexampleofhowtrialanderrorcanbeusedtomakechanges.Everynowandthengeneticmutationsoccur—errorsingenereproduction.Mostofthetime,thesemutationshaveadeleteriouseffectonthespecies,andtheydropoutofthegenepool.Butoccasionally,amutationprovidesthespecieswithsomethingbeneficial,andthatchangewillbepassedontofuturegenerations.
Therichvarietyofallspeciesisduetothistrialanderrorprocess.Iftherehadneverbeenanymutationsfromthefirstamoeba,wherewouldwebenow?
]]
Ifyou'renotmakingmanyerrors,youmightaskyourself,"HowmanyopportunitiesamImissingbynotbeingmoreaggressive?
"
Rememberthesetwobenefitsoffailure. First,ifyoudofail,youlearnwhatdoesn'twork;andsecond,thefailuregivesyouanopportunitytotryanewapproach.
我们学不完,我们不象Aristotle,我们要怎么学
UnlikeAristotlewhoisbelievedtohaveknowneverythingtherewastoknowatthetimehelived,itisimpossibleforustodealwiththevoluminousamountsofinformationwhichareproduceddaily.Thelifelonglearningwhichwehavealludedtowillnotalwaysbeacquiredthroughthetraditionalsixteen-weekcollegecourse.Weinthecommunitycollegeneedtoprovideasmorgasbordofopportunitiesforindividualswhowishtoincreasetheirmobilityandoptions.
大学要不要规定各种课程
WhatI'vemissedisaneducationthatintegratesphilosophy,history,literatureandtheotherhumanitiesintoacoherentwhole.Partofthefaultismyown:
IdidnotseekoutsomeclassesthatIshouldhave.Butalargeshareoftheburdenlieswiththeuniversity,whichlacksacorecurriculum—forexample,"GreatBooks"—thatcouldprovideageneraleducation.
好比喻,大学的作用,专业课的不全面的危害
Undergraduatesarethereforedeniedtheopportunitytopursueacomprehensivecurriculum.Instead,theyareleft,likeshoppersinagiantsupermarket,towandertheaisles,pickingproductsatrandom,neversurethattheirselectionswilladduptoanutritiousmeal.Laissezfairemayworkintheeconomy,butit'snowaytorunauniversity.
太注重专业课
First,grantingthatourgraduatesknowagooddeal,theirknowledgeliesaboutinfragmentsandnevergetsweldedtogetherintothestuffofatemperedandmobilemind.Secondly,ouruniversitygraduateshavebeensobusyboringholesforthemselves,acquiringspecialknowledgeandskills,thatinlaterlifetheyhaveastonishinglylittleincommoninthewayofideas,standards,orprinciples,Thirdly,itisallegedthatthepasttwodecadeshaverevealedasingularwantofclarityaboutthegreatendsofliving,attachmenttowhichgivessignificanceanddirectiontoalife.
真是好!
苏格拉底说真正的教育
Butgenuineeducation,asSocratesknewmorethantwothousandyearsago,isnotinsertingthestuffingsofinformationintoaperson,butratherelicitingknowledgefromhim;itisthedrawingoutofwhatisinthemind.
"Themostimportantpartofeducation,"oncewroteWilliamErnestHocking,thedistinguishedHarvardphilosopher,"isthisinstructionofamaninwhathehasinsidehim."
And,asEdit
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