国际语言学练习十一.docx
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国际语言学练习十一.docx
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国际语言学练习十一
LanguageAcquisition
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.
⒈L1developmentandL2developmentseemtoinvolvethesameprocesses.
⒉Thecapacitytoacquireone’sfirstlanguageisafundamentalhumantraitthatallhumanbeingsareequallywellpossessedwith.
⒊Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.
⒋Childrenfollowasimilaracquisitionscheduleofpredictablestagesalongtherouteoflanguagedevelopmentacrosscultures,thoughthereisanidiosyncraticvariationintheamountoftimethattakesindividualstomasterdifferentaspectsofthegrammar.
5.Humanscanbesaidtobepredisposedandbiologicallyprogrammedtoacquireatleastonelanguage.
6.Somelanguagesareinferior,orsuperior,tootherlanguages.
7.Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthevocabularyandthemeaningoflanguage.
8.Humanbeingsaregeneticallypredeterminedtoacquirelanguage;thisgeneticpredispositionisasufficientconditionforlanguagedevelopment.
9.Childrenwhogrowupinculturewherecaretakerspeechisabsentacquiretheirnativelanguagemoreslowlythanchildrenwhoareexposedtocaretakerspeech.
10.Inmothertongueacquisition,normalchildrenarenotnecessarilyequallysuccessful.
11.Forthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstructiononthepartofadults.
12.Theavailableevidencetodateindicatesthatanexplicitteachingofcorrectformstoyoungchildrenplaysaminorroleatbest.
13.Correctionandreinforcementarenotkeyfactorsinchildlanguagedevelopmentastheywereclaimedtobe.
14.Imitationplaysatbestaveryminorroleinthechild’smasteryoflanguage.
15.Observationsofchildrenindifferentlanguageareasoftheworldrevealthatthedevelopmentalstagesaresimilar,possiblyuniversal,whateverthenatureoftheinput.
16.Achild’sbabblingseemstodependonthepresenceofacoustic,auditoryinput.
17.Ingeneral,thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild’sfirstyear.
18.Children’stwo-wordexpressionsareabsentofsyntacticormorphologicalmarkers.
19.Childrenfirstacquirethesoundsinalllanguagesoftheworld,nomatterwhatlanguagetheyareexposedto,andinlatestagesacquirethemoredifficultsounds.
20.Languageacquisitionbeginsataboutthesametimeaslateralizationdoesandisnormallycomplete,asfarastheessentialsareconcerned,bythetimethattheprocessoflateralizationcomestoanend.
II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.
21.Thefirstlanguagea____________referstothedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguage.
22.Accordingtoan__________viewoflanguageacquisition,humansarequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse,justasbirdsarebiologicallypre-wiredtolearnthesongsoftheirspecies.
23.Acaretakerspeech,alsocalledm______orb______,isthetypeofmodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildren.
24.B_________learningtheorysuggestedthatachild’sverbalbehaviorwasconditionedthroughassociationbetweenastimulusandthefollowingresponse.
25.Children’sone-wordutterancesarealsocalledh__________sentences,becausetheycanbeusedtoexpressaconceptorpredicationthatwouldbeassociatedwithanentiresentenceinadultspeech.
26.Theearlymultiwordutterancesofchildrenlackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories,theyareoftenreferredtoast__________speech.
27.A___________referstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.
28.TheC________Analysiswasfoundedonthebeliefthatitwaspossible,byestablishingthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenthenativeandtargetlanguagesystems,topredictwhatproblemslearnersofaparticularsecondlanguagewouldfaceandthetypesoferrorstheywouldmake.
29.ThelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLAisknownasi_________.
30.Learnerssubconsciouslyusetheirfirstlanguageknowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownaslanguaget___________.
31.Motivationinlanguagelearningcanbedefinedintermsofthelearner’soverallgoalororientation.I_________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisfunctionalandi________motivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Marktheonethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
32.Infirstlanguageacquisition,imitationplays_________.
A.aminorrole
B.asignificantrole
C.abasicrole
D.norule
33.Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccurs_____________.
A.withmuchimitation
B.withlittleconsciousinstruction
C.withmuchcorrectionfromtheirparents
D.withlittlelinguisticinput
34.Thedevelopmentoflinguisticskillsinvolvestheacquisitionof____rulesratherthanthemerememorizationofwordsandsentences.
A.cultural
B.grammatical
C.behaviour
D.pragmatic
35.____hasbeenfoundtooccurusuallyinchildren'spronunciationorreportingofthetruthfulnessofutterances,ratherthaninthegrammaticalityofsentences.
A.Punishment
B.Instruction
C.Reinforcement
D.Imitation
36.Accordingtothe_______,theacquisitionofasecondlanguageinvolves,andisdependenton,theacquisitionofthecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity.
A.acculturationview
B.mentalistview
C.behavioristview
D.conceptualistview
37.Ingeneral,agoodsecondlearnerisanadolescent________.
A.whohasastrongandwell-definedmotivationtolearn
B.whoseeksoutallchancestointeractwiththeinput
C.whoiswillingtoidentifyhimselfwiththecultureofthetargetlanguagecommunity
D.alltheabove
38.Theoptimumageforsecondlanguageacquisitionis________________.
A.earlyteenage
B.afterpuberty
C.atpuberty
D.afterthebrainlateralization
39.Theformalinstructioninsecondlanguageacquisition___________.
A.hasnoeffectatall
B.hasapowerfuldelayedeffect
C.hasverylittleeffect
D.hasunsatisfactoryeffect
40.________isbelievedtobeamajorsourceofincorrectformsresistanttofurtherinstruction.
A.Thesecondlanguagelearners’unwillingnesstolearn
B.Thepoorclassroomteaching
C.Thefossilizationofthelearner’sinterlanguage
D.Thelearner’slackofinstrumentalmotivation
41.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?
A.Interlanguageisaproductofcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.
B.Interlanguageisaproductofmothertongueinterference.
C.Interlanguageisaproductofovergeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules.
D.Interlanguageistherepresentationoflearners’unsystematicL2rules.
42. _________,exceptthosewithmentalorphysicalimpairments,arebetterorworsefirstlanguageacquirers.
A.Somemen
B.Almostallmen
C.Nomen
D.Fewmen
IV.Explainthefollowingterms.
43.Caretakerspeech:
Itisthemodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildren.Suchmodifiedspeechiscalledbabytalk,motherese,orparentese.
44.Holophrasticsentences:
Theyarechildren'sone-wordutterances.Theyarecalledholophrasticsentences,becausetheycanbeusedtoexpressaconceptorpredicationthatwouldbeassociatedwithanentiresentenceinadultspeech.
45.Telegraphicspeech:
Theyaretheearlymultiwordutterancesofchildrenwhichtypicallylackinflectionalmorphemesandmostminorlexicalcategories.Somefunctionwordsarealtogethermissing.Whatoccurinthesemultiwordutterancesareusuallythe"substantive"or"content"wordsthatcarrythemainmessage.Becauseoftheirresemblancetothestyleoflanguagefoundintelegrams,utterancesatthisacquisitionstageareoftencalledtelegraphicspeech.
46.Secondlanguageacquisition:
Secondlanguageacquisition(SLA)isageneraltermwhichreferstotheacquisitionofasecondlanguage(L2),incontrastwithfirstlanguageacquisition(FLA).SLAisalsousedasageneraltermtorefertotheacquisitionofaforeignorsubsequentlanguage(suchasathirdorfourthlanguage).Thus,SLAisprimarilythestudyofhowlearnersacquireorlearnanadditionallanguageaftertheyhaveacquiredtheirfirstlanguage(L1).
47.Acquisition:
AccordingtoKrashen,acquisitionreferstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.
48.Learning:
Learning,however,isdefinedbyKrashenasaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.
49.Transfer:
ItreferstothephenomenonthatlearnerssubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.
50.Interlanguage:
Itisaseriesofinternalrepresentationsthatcomprisesthelearner'sinterimknowledgeofthetargetlanguage.ThisisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsatagivenstageofSLA.Interlanguageconsistsofaseriesofinterlockingandapproximatelinguisticsystemsin-betweenandyetdistinctfromthelearner'snativeandtargetlanguages.Itrepresentsthelearner'stransitionalcompetencemovingalongalearningcontinuumstretchingfromone'sL1competencetothetargetlanguagecompetence.
51.Fossilization:
itisaprocessthatsometimesoccursinsecondlanguagelearninginwhichincorrectlinguisticfeaturesbecomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesinthetargetlanguage.
52.Instrumentalmotivatio
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