p001273.docx
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p001273.docx
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p001273
HYDROANDNUCLEARPOWERFOR
AFRICANLESS-CARBONDEVELOPMENT
Dr.EL-GAZZAR,Mohamed
ExecutiveChairman,HPPEA
(1)/Egypt
Dr.IBRAHIM,YassinMohamed
ExecutiveChairman,NPPA
(2)/Egypt
Eng.BEDROUS,MaherAziz
CounsellorforEnvironmentalStudies,EEHC(3)/Egypt
1.Introduction
OvercomingenergypovertyisoneofAfrica'sgreatchallenges.ThemajorityofAfricanscurrentlyhavenoaccesstomodernenergyservicesandtechnologies.Thishaswide-rangingsocialandenvironmentalconsequences[1].
Africadesperatelyneedsmoreelectricitybutwhatenergysourceswillprovideit?
ThereisoilandgasinsomeWestAfricancountries,coalinsomesouthernonesandanenormouspotentialforhydroelectricityinCentralAfricaaswellassignificantpotentialfornuclearpower[2].
Yet,allenergysourcesbringtheirownproblems.ThechallengeisthustofindappropriateandreliablesolutionsforprovidingenergysourcesforsocialandeconomicdevelopmentandmeetingtheneedsofthemajorityofpoorAfricanswholiveinruralareas[3].Currentprojectionsarenotencouraging.Despiteagrowingnumberofelectrificationprograms,theInternationalEnergyAgencyexpectsthenumberofAfricanslackingelectricitytoincreasefrom535millionnowto586millionby2030,mostoftheminruralareas.Whileelectrificationratesareexpectedtoincreasefrom36%currentlyto58%by2030,alargeproportionofthepopulationisexpectedtoremainwithoutelectricity.Atthesametime,thenumberofpeoplerelyingontraditionalbiomassforcookingandheatingisexpectedtoincreasebyalmostone-third[1].
_______________________________
(1)HPPEA=HydroPowerPlantsExecutiveAuthority
(2)NPPA=NuclearPowerPlantsAuthority
(3)EEHC=EgyptianElectricityHoldingCompany
AppropriateandreliablesolutionsforprovidingelectricityforAfricainamostsustainablewayseemgreatlylinkedtobothhydroandnuclearpower.
TherolethehydropowercanplayinsecuringasustainableenergyfutureforAfricaishighlyimportant.ThelegacyofhydropowerdevelopmentinAfricashouldbelookedatwithrecognitiontoitsbenefitsaswellasitssocialandenvironmentalimpacts.Undertherightcircumstances,hydropowerschemescanmaximizebenefitsandminimizeimpactsandthescopeofsmall-scalehydropower,alongwithotherrenewableenergysources,wouldmeetruralenergyneeds[1].
Also,nuclearpowerhasmanyadvantagesforAfrica.Thefuelrequiredperunitofelectricityproducedistinyinmassandeasytransport,sothisallowsnuclearstationstobesitedwhereverrequiredandhelpstoovercometheproblemoftheinadequatetransmissiongrid[2].
Thispaperconsiderstheopportunitiesforhydropowerandnuclearpowerinthepoorestcontinentoftheworldandthebenefitsfromit.Africaactuallyhassomeadvantagesovertherestoftheworldforthedevelopmentofnewhydropowerandnuclearpowerreactors.Italsohasdisadvantages,andallisreadydiscussed.
2.SOCIO-ECONOMICCONTEXTANDENVIRONMENTALCONCERNS
2.1MainIndicators
Africaistheworld’ssecondlargestandsecond-mostpopulouscontinent,afterAsia.Atabout30,335,000km2,includingadjacentIslands,itcovers15%ofthetotallandarea.Withmorethan850millionpeople,itaccountsformorethan13%oftheworld’shumanpopulation.WhileAfricaisendowedwithlargeprimaryenergyresources,aswellas,humanresources,therankofpercapitaenergyconsumption(15millionBTUperperson)andGDP/Capita($753)isoneofthelowestamongtheworld.Thiscomparestoworldaverageofabout65millionBTUenergyconsumptionperpersonandGDPworldaverageof$5300.Africawithitspopulationaccountsforabout2%ofworldeconomicoutputonly.Table1presentsmainindicatorsforAfrica,givingsomeoftheminaglobalcontext[4].
Thecontinenthasnumerousanddiversifiedresourcesofenergysuchascoal,oil,gas,uraniumandhydropower[5].Oilandgasfieldsareavailableinthenorthernregionsofthecontinent.Currentprovedrecoverablereservesareestimatedatabout11trillionm3ofnaturalgas,about7.5oftheworld,and10,122Mtofcrudeoil,about7%oftheworld,mostofthemareinAlgeria,Libya,NigeriaandEgypt,and55,000Mtofcoal,about6%oftheworldreserves.Coalminesareinthesouthernregions,mainlyintherepublicofSouthAfricaandBotswana.Inaddition,theUraniumisalsoabundantlyavailableinanumberofAfricancountries[4].
Table1-MainIndicatorsforAfrica
(1)withSomeReferencetoGlobalContext[7]
KeyIndicators
%
Global
CompoundIndicators
Landarea
(Millionsq.km)
30,335
15
TPES/Population
(toe/capita)
0.67
Population
(million)
871.98
13.4
GDP
(billion2000US$)
684.77
2.0
TPES/GDP
(toe/thousand-2000US$)
0.86
GDP(PPP)
(billion2000US$)
1,996.59
3.8
GDP/Capita
(US$)
753
14
TPES/GDP(PPP)
(toe/thousand-2000US$PPP)
0.29
OilReserves(Mt)
10,122
7.1
GasReserves(Trillionm3)
11.4
7.5
ElectricityConsumption/Population
(kWh/capita)
547
Bituminouscoalreserves(Mt)
55,000
10.6
Uraniumreserves
( 613kt 18.7 CO2/TPES (tCO2/toe) 1.39 EnergyProduction (Mtoe) 1,026.79 NetImports (Mtoe) -435.48 CO2/Population (tCO2/capita) 0.93 TPES (Mtoe) 585.96 CO2/GDP (kgCO2/2000US$) 1.19 ElectricityConsumption (2) (TWh) 477.22 CO2Emissions(3) (MtofCO2) 814.24 3 CO2/GDP(PPP) (kgCO2/2000US$PPP) 0.41 (1)Asof2004statistics(source: KeynoteAddress: AfricanMinisterialConferenceonHydropowerandSustainableDevelopment.ByMrsLindiweHendricks,MinisterofMineralsandEnergy,RepublicofSouthAfricaSandtonConventionCentre,March2006) (2)Grossproduction+imports-exports-transmission/distributionlosses (3)CO2Emissionsfromfuelcombustiononly.EmissionsarecalculatedusingIEA'senergybalancesandtheRevised1996IPCCGuidelines. 2.2Energy&Health ThehousewifeinAfricagetshersenergybyspendingthreehoursormoreeachdayintheback-breakingtoilofcollectingfirewood. Thedamagetotheenvironmentfromusingtreesasfueliscalamitous.InAfricancountriesthatdonothaveoil,over90%oftheirenergycomesfrombiomass[2] ThetollofdeathanddiseasefromdomesticenergyinAfricaishorrifying.InSouthAfrica,byfarthemostdevelopedcountryinSubSaharanAfrica,thepoorpeopleinthetownshipsand"informalsettlements"(shantytowns),usecoal,woodandparaffinforhouseholdenergy[2] Theburningofwood,coalandparaffinindwellingleadstoverydangerouslevelsofparticulatesandcarbonmonoxideindoors,causingrespiratoryandcardiovasculardiseaseandmentalretardationinchildren. Bycomparison,theenvironmentaleffectsofelectricitygenerationinAfricaarenegligible.Thelevelsofsulphuroxides,nitrogenoxidesandparticulatesfromthesestationsreachingthepublicareinsignificantcomparedwiththosefromtheburningofhouseholdfuels. Hydro-electricdamsinmanycaseshaveenvironmentaldisadvantages,ofwhichthegreatestisthedisplacementofpeoplelivingintheareaoftheproposeddam[1]. ThegreenhouseemissionsfromallthepowerstationsinAfricaarerelativelytinycomparedwithworldemissions. ThehydropowerplantsreleasenegligibleGHGemissionsandif"CleanDevelopmentMechanism"(CDM)allowednuclearpower,asitnowdoesnot,forhelpingpoorcountriestoimplementtechnologieswithreducedgreenhouseemissions,thiscouldbeabigboostfornuclearpowerinAfrica[2]. 2.3Electrification&Development TheprovisionofelectricitythemanyservicesthatAfricansneedwouldbeanalmostunmitigatedboonforAfrica.AlthoughmosteconomicactivityinAfricaissubsistencefarming,thereisacontinualandirreversibleflowofpeoplefromtheruralareastothetownsandcities.Thisisauniversaltrendinhumanhistoryand,shouldbewelcomed[2]. BecauseofthelargeareasofAfricaandtherelativelysmallpopulations,thecitiesandtownsarewidelyseparated.Itwouldbebestifeachcentreofpopulationhaditsownpowerstation.Thiswouldrequireanenergysourcethatisnotrestrictedbysiteanddoesnotrequirelargedistances.Renewablesandnuclearpowercanplayaprominentroleinthisrespect,providedthatitcanbeprovidedinsmallscales[8]. 2.4FutureTrends GDPpercapitainAfricancountriesdeclinedfrom1996to2001buthassubsequentlyincreased,largelybecauseofanincreasedworlddemandfortheirrawmaterials,notablyoilinWestAfricancountriesandgasinNorthernAfrica. TherearemanydevelopmentsinAfricawhichbodewellforthefuture.Theyalsoindicateagrowingneedforelectricity,whichwillspureconomicgrowth,whichwillinturnleadtomoredemandforelectricityinabenevolentcycle[9]. 3.HYDROPOWERINAFRICA: MAINDRIVERSANDBARRIERS 3.1TheLegacyofHydropowerDevelopmentinAfrica AsFigure1shows,manyAfricancountriesarehighlyreliantonhydropowerfortheirelectricitysupply[1]. Figure1-ContributionofHydropowertoNetElectricityGeneration[1] Nevertheless,whilehydropowerplaysanimportantroleinAfrica’senergysystem,itsdevelopmenthasbroughtwithitaseriesofproblems.Theseincludeinadequateresettlementandalackofbenefitsharing,socioeconomicissuesincludingafailuretoaddressruralenergyneeds,spreadofseriousdiseasesandenvironmentalimpacts.Often,theseimpactshadnotbeenforeseenduringtheplanningstageandsubsequently,insufficienteffortshavebeenmadetoaddressthem[1]. However,onecase,theAswanDam,wasthereanimprovementofthelivingstandardsoftheresettledpopulations.Thissuccesscreditstothegovernmentprovidingtheresettledpeoplewiththeirownirrigations
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