限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别.docx
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限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别.docx
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限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
非限制性定语从句
引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词:
①指代对象指代人主格who宾格whom所有格ofwhom,whose
指代物主格which,as宾格which,as所有格which,ofwhich,whose
②引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有:
when,where
as,which均可以引出非限制性定语从句,,如都指前一句话的意思,二者可以互换。
.as引导的从句可以放在句首,as本身有“正如„..正象„”一类的含义。
与之连用的词有know,see,expect,announce,pointout等。
此外,在thesame„as„,such„.as„.中as引导的是限制性定语从句。
1.Theearthisround,_____weallknow.D
A.thatB.whichC.whoD.as
2.______wasnatural,hemarriedJenny.D
A.WhichB.ThatC.ThisD.As
3.Suchsigns_____weuseintheexperiment______Greekletters.A
A.as,areB.as,isC.that,areD.that,is
4.Ipassedhimalargeglassofwhisky,_____hedrankimmediately.C
A.thatB.asC.whichD.who
5.Sheisverygoodatdance,____everybodyknows.D
A.thatB.whichC.whoD.as
6.Itwasraining,_____wasapity.D
A.whatB.thatC.thewhichD.which
7.______hasbeensaidabove,grammarisasetofdeadrules.D
A.WhichB.WhatC.ThatD.As
8.Wedothesamework_____theydo.B
A.whichB.asC.thanD.like
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
区别一:
形式不同
限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。
区别二:
功能不同
限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。
如:
Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。
(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。
(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)
区别三:
翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时,一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。
如:
Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolen.他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
I’veinvitedJim,wholivesinthenextflat.我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
区别四:
含义不同
Ihaveasisterwhoisadoctor.我有一个医生的姐姐。
(姐姐不止一个)
Ihaveasister,whoisadoctor.我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。
(只有一个姐姐)
区别五:
先行词不同
限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。
如:
Peterdrovetoofast,whichwasdangerous.彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。
(which指drivetoofast)
Hechangedhismind,whichmademeveryangry.他改变了主意,这使我很生气。
(which指整个主句)
Mr.Smith,whoisourboss,willleaveforJapannextweek.我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。
(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
Herfather,whohasalotofmoney,wisheshertostudyabroad.她父亲很有钱,希望她出国学习。
(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
区别六:
关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。
关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom,但whom在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。
1.Thisisthegirlwho/whomImetinthestreet.
2.Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.先行词anewgirlfriend在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用who代替whom.
Thisisthebook(which/that)helostyesterday.先行词thebook在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词which或that可以省略。
Thebook,whichhelostyesterday,hasbeenfound.先行词thebook在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词which不可省。
介词+关系代词
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。
如果指“人”,用“介词+whom”;如果指“物”,用“介词+which”。
例如:
Themanwho/whomyouspoketowasascientist.
Themantowhomyouspokewasascientist.
Thecitythat/whichshelivesinisfaraway.
Thecityinwhichshelivesisfaraway.
●使用“介词+关系代词”要注意以下几点:
(一)选用介词的依据:
(1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定短语)。
例如:
YesterdaywevisitedtheWestLakeforwhichHangZhouisfamous.
(2)根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成,不一定是短语)。
例如:
Theoldwomanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowisafamousartist.
Whereisthesupermarketinwhichyouboughtthelaptoplastweek?
(3)根据句子的意思来选择。
例如:
Thenaughtyboymadeaholeinthewallthroughwhichhecouldseewhatishappeningoutside.
Helivesinalovelyvillage,atthebackofwhichisahill.
Theyfinallyclimbedupthemountain,ontopofwhichmanystrangebirdswereseen.
Lookatthephoto.ThisisMr.Green,infrontofwhomsitthree
(4)表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时,通常用介词of。
例如:
Ihaveabout20books,halfofwhichwerewrittenbyBingXin,thefamouswriter.
Hehasthreesisters,allofwhomareabroad.
(二)在定语从句中,含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化),如lookafter,lookfor,takecareof等。
例如:
Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)
Thebabiesafterwhomthenursesarelookingareveryhealthy.(误)
Isawthewatchthat/whichyouarelookingfor?
Theoldman(who/whom/that)Iamlookingafterisbetter.
Thenumberofthechildren(who/whom/that)shetakescareofis30.
(三)关系代词whose+名词引导的定语从句可转化为the+名词+of+which/whom或of+which/whom+the+名词结构;of表所属关系。
例如:
Thebuildingwhoseroofwasdamagedintheearthquakehasbeenrepaired.
=Thebuildingofwhichtheroofwasdamagedintheearthquakehasbeenrepaired.
=Thebuildingtheroofofwhichwasdamagedintheearthquakehasbeenrepaired.
Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsareallbroken.
=Iliveinaroomofwhichthewindowsareallbroken.
=Iliveinaroomthewindowsofwhichareallbroken.
Thisismyteacherwhosehandwritingisexcellent.
=Thisismyteacherthehandwritingofwhomisexcellent.
=Thisismyteacherofwhomthehandwritingisexcellent.
(四)不定代词+of+which/whom引导的定语从句可化为of+which/whom+不定代词结构;这也是高考常考点。
其中用到的不定代词有some,any,none,both,all,many,afew,few,alittle,little,either,neither,one,等等。
例如:
Thereare40studentsinourclass,mostofwhom(=ofwhommost)likeEnglish.
ThesearebookswrittenbyMarkTwain,oneofwhich(=ofwhichone)wasreadtomebymyfather
Shehastwosons,neitherofwhom(=ofwhomneither)isateacher.
Shehasmanybooks,noneofwhich(=ofwhichnone)isinteresting.
介词+关系代词练习
1. Iwillneverforgettheday__onwhich____westudiedtogether.
2.Thatwasthepenwithwhichhewrotetheletter.
3. Doyoulikethebookforwhichshepaid$10?
4.Doyoulikethebookonwhichshespent$10?
5.Thisistheheroofwhichweareproud.
6. Therearethreethings__aboutwhich_____sheisnotsure.
6.Myglasses,withoutwhichIcan’tsee,werelostyesterday.
7.Maryhasthreesisters,theoldestofwhichisLily.
“介词+关系代词”与关系副词的转化
1.Doyouknowthedate___Lincolnwasborn?
(BC)
A.whichB.onwhichC.whenD.where
when作定从的时间状语,指时间,在从句中表示"在...时间"=in/on...+which
先行词为时间名词
2.Thefarm_____wepickedcottonwas90kilometersaway.(BD)
A.whenB.whereC.whyD.onwhich
where作定从的地点状语,指地点,在从句中表示"在...地点"=in/on...+which
先行词为地点名词(situation,business,case,point,surroundings,environment,scene等为地点概念的名词)
3.Idon’tknowthereason_______helooksunhappy.(BC)
A.thatB.whyC.forwhichD./
Idisapprovethereasons_______hecameupwith.(AD)
A.thatB.whyC.forwhichD./
连接词作原因状语,指原因,表示“因为……原因”,关系词用why=forwhich;
连接词作主语或宾语,关系词用that或which。
4.以way为先行词的定语从句问题
Idon’tliketheway_______hetalkedtohismother.
A.thatB.inwhichC./D.how
Idon’tliketheway_______hechosetodoit.
A.thatB.inwhichC./D.how
连接词在定语从句中作状语时,关系词用that、inwhich或者省略;
连接词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时,关系词用that或which。
练习(“介词+关系代词”与关系副词的转化主宾状综合练习)
1.Thisisthemuseum_where/inwhich_mymotherworked10yearsago.
(workedinthemuseum地点状语)
Thisisthemuseum_that/which_wasbuiltin1950.
(themuseumwasbuild)(museum主语)
2.July1,1921wasthedaywhen/onwhichourPartywasfounded(成立).
(ourPartywasfoundedontheday作状语)
July1,1921wasthedaythat/which/不填wewillnotforget.
(wewillneverforgettheday作宾语)
3.Irememberthedayswhen/duringwhichIlivedinmyhometown.
(Ilivedinmyhometownduringthedays作状语)
Irememberthedaysthat/which/不填Ispentwithmygrandpa.
(Ispentthedayswith..thedays作宾语)
4.Thehousethat/which/不填we’regoingtovisitwasbuiltacenturyago.
(visitthehouse)
Thehousethat/whichusedtobeatempleisaschoolnow.
(thehouseusedtobeatemple)
Thehousewhere/inwhichheusedtolivewasflooded.
(heusedtoliveinthehouse)
5.Abookstoreisaplacewhere/inwhichyoucangetbooks.
(youcangetthebooksintheplace)
Abookstoreisaplacewhere/inwhichbooksaresold.
(booksaresoldintheplace)
Abookstoreisaplacethat/whichsellbooks.
(theplacesellsbooks)
6.Ican’tfindthecardwhere/onwhichIwroteyouraddress.
(Iwroteyouraddressonthecard)
Ican’tfindthecardthat/which/不填yougavetome.
(yougavethecardtome)
7.Theboxwhere/inwhichheputhisphotosisgone.(heputhisphotointothebox)
Theboxthat/whichheiscarryingisheavy.
(heiscarryingthebox)
8.Thehotelwhere/inwhichwestayedduringourholidaystandsbytheseaside.
(westayedinthehotel)
Thehotelthat/whichstandsbytheseasideisquitecomfortable.
(thehotelstandsbytheseaside)
9.Thereasonwhy/forwhichhediditisnotclear.
(hediditfor….reason作状语)
Thereasonthat/which/不填hegavetotheteacherisunbelievable.
(hegavethereason(宾语)totheteacher)
定状补
状语
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:
通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:
often)或程度(如:
almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:
Theboycallsthegirlintheclassroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时intheclassroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时intheclassroom为地点状语),最好写作‘Intheclassroom,theboycallsthegirl.\'
副词(短语)作状语:
Theboyneedsapenverymuch./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。
(程度状语)
Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。
(宾语较长则状语前置)
Theboyreallyneedsapen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。
(程度状语)
Theboyneedsapennow./Now,theboyneedsapen./Theboy,now,needsapen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。
(时间状语)
介词短语作状语:
Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。
(地点状语)
Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词(短语)作状语:
Hesitsthere,askingforapen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。
(表示伴随状态)
Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。
(原因状语)
Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly./(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。
(原因状语)
不定式作状语:
Theboyneedsapentodohishomework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。
(目的状语)
Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness./
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