新加坡.docx
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新加坡.docx
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新加坡
新加坡之一------概况
(1)
Singaporeisbothanislandandacountry,butperhapsitsbestdescriptionisthatofcity-state.Likethegreatcity-statesofthepast,itofferscivilizationandorderinthehighestdegree.ItscombinationofWestern-styledevelopmentandEastern-stylecalmseemstopresentthebestofbothsides:
It'smodernwhereyoufeelsafewalkingthestreets,andit'sanAsianbusinesscenterthat'samodelofefficiency.Singaporeisalsoamulticulturalcity,andclosetoone-quarterofitspopulationareexpatriatesorforeignworkersfromallovertheworld.KnownforitsdesiretobecomethetechnologyhubofAsia,Singaporeisthemostwiredcountryintheregion.
Singaporesharesanothertraitwithhistoricalcity-states:
Itstronglybelievesthattheycansafeguardthestatuswithregulationsagainstalmostanythingandeverythingthat-intheirview-couldpossiblyupsetthesenseoftranquility.Inreality,visitorswillfindtheplaceisnotasrestrictiveasthelonglistsofheftyfinesforsuchthingsaslitteringandjaywalkingsuggest.SomevisitorstoSingaporeleavesingingthepraisesofasocietythat"works,"whileothersfeelthegovernment'snear-compulsivefixationoncleanlinessandordermakesSingaporesterileineverysenseoftheword.
新加坡之二------地理和天气
(1)
SingaporeconsistsofthemainislandofSingaporeandsome63offshoreislands.Itisbetweenlatitudes1°09'Nand1°29'Nandlongitudes103°36'Eand104°25'E,137kilometresnorthoftheEquator(赤道).Themainislandisabout42kilometresfromeasttowestand23kilometresfromnorthtosouth.Singapore'stotallandarea,includingthatofthesmallerislands,is697.1squarekilometres.Singapore'simmediateneighboursareMalaysia(PeninsularMalaysiatotheNorth,SarawakandSabahtotheEast),BruneiDarussalamandIndonesia.BeingveryclosetotheEquator,Singapore'sclimateischaracterisedbyabundantrainfall,relativelyuniformtemperatureandhighhumiditythroughouttheyear.DecemberisthecoolestmonthoftheyearwhileMayisthewarmest.Themeandailytemperatureis26.8°C.
(2) Sincethecityisonly60miles(100k)fromtheequator,thetropicaltemperaturesdonotvarymuch.Rainfallisfairlyevenlydistributedthroughtheyear.Nomatterwhenyouchoosetovisit,warmweatherwillbeabundantlyavailable.ThevisitorisstruckimmediatelybySingapore'sabundanceofparks,naturereserves,andlush,tropicalgreenery.LocatedatthetipoftheMalayPeninsula,Singapore'stropicalclimatewelcomesbothleisureandbusinesstravelersyearround.Theislandrepublic'sexcellentinfrastructureenablesvisitorstoenjoyitsmanysitesandattractionsinasafe,cleanandgreenenvironment.AwardwinningChangiAirportprovidesairlinkstomajorcitiesaroundtheworld.Thetrainandsubwaysystemsareclean,fastandefficient.Inaddition,itsstate-of-the-artcruiseterminalhasestablishedSingaporeasoneofthepremiercruisingcentersofSouthEastAsiaandanexcitingportofcallonanyAsiancruiseitinerary.
Singaporehasatropicalrainforestclimatewithnodistinctiveseasons,uniformtemperatureandpressure,highhumidity,andabundantrainfall.Temperaturesusuallyrangefrom23to32°C(73to90°F).Relativehumidityaveragesaround79%inthemorningand73%intheafternoon.AprilandMayarethehottestmonths,withthewettermonsoonseasonfromNovembertoJanuary.FromJulytoOctober,thereisoftenhazecausedbybushfiresinneighboringIndonesia.AlthoughSingaporedoesnotobservedaylightsavingtime,itfollowstimezoneGMT+8,onehouraheadofitsgeographicallocation.
(3) LikemostofSoutheastAsia,Singaporeisgenerallyhotandhumid.It'swarmandhumidyearround,withthetemperaturealmostneverdroppingbelow20°C(68°F),evenatnight,andusuallyclimbingto30°C(86°F)duringtheday.Recenttimes,itevenreachedtill35°C.Humidityishigh,mountingovera75%mark.
NovemberandDecemberistherainyseason.June-Augustisconsideredtobethebesttimetovisit,buteventhenitrainsoften.Don'tlettheclimatestopyoufromgoing,however.Mostbuildingsareair-conditioned(tothepointthatyoumaywanttotakeasweater),andpainshavebeentakentomakeeverythingascomfortableascanbe,allthingsconsidered.Whenitdoesrain,it'sgenerallyonlyforashortperiod.
Forthosewhoenjoythesunandthebeach,Singaporeisanidealplaceforbeachlovers,asyougetthehotsunthroughouttheyear.Sowhenyou'reinSingapore,justbringalongyourcoolingapparelsandhats.
新加坡之三------历史
(1)
TheEnglishnameofSingaporeisfromtheMalaySingapura(LionCity),itisknownastheLionCity.Lionsprobablyneverlivedthere;thebeastseenbySangNilaUtama,founderofancientSingapore,whogavethecityitsname,wasmostlikelyatiger.TheearliestknownsettlementonSingaporewasinthesecondcenturyAD.ItwasanoutpostoftheSumatranSrivijayaempire,namedTemasek('seatown').Betweenthe16thandearly19thcenturies,itwaspartoftheSultanateofJohor.In1613,Portugueseraidersburntdownthesettlementandtheislandsankintoobscurityforthenexttwocenturies.
In1819,ThomasStamfordRafflesarrivedandsignedatreatyonbehalfoftheBritishEastIndiaCompanytodevelopthesouthernpartofSingaporeasaBritishtradingpost.In1824theentireislandbecameaBritishpossessionunderafurthertreatywherebythesultanandtheTemenggongtransferredittotheBritishEastIndiaCompany.In1826itbecamepartoftheStraitsSettlements,aBritishcolony.BeforeRafflesarrived,therewerearound1,000peoplelivinginSingapore,mostlyMalaysandafewdozenChinese.By1869,duetomigrationfromMalayaandotherpartsofAsia,100,000peoplelivedontheisland.
(2)TheflagofSingaporeconsistsoftwoequalhorizontalsections,redabovewhite.Intheupperleftcantonisawhitecrescentmoonbesidefivewhitestarswithinacircle.Redsymbolisesuniversalbrotherhoodandequalityofman,whilewhitesignifiespervadingandeverlastingpurityandvirtue.Thecrescentmoonrepresentsayoungnationontheascendant,illuminatedbytheidealsofdemocracy,peace,progress,justiceandequalityassignifiedbythefivestars.
新加坡之四------宗教信仰
(1)
Singaporeisamultiracialsociety.Malaysform13.8%ofSingapore'spopulation,whileChineseandIndiansmakeup76.2%and8.3%respectively.Otherracesmakeup1.7%ofthepopulation. TheofficiallanguagesinSingaporeareMalay,Chinese(Mandarin),TamilandEnglish.MalayisthenationallanguageandEnglishisthelanguageofadministration.TheConstitutionallowseverypersontherighttoprofessandpractisehisreligionandtopropagateit.ThemainreligionsinSingaporeareBuddhism,Taoism,Islam,ChristianityandHinduism.BuddhismisthemostwidelypractisedreligioninSingapore,with33%oftheresidentpopulationdeclaringthemselvesadherentsatthemostrecentcensus.Thenextlargestreligions,inorderofsize,areChristianity,Islam,TaoismandHinduism.TheproportionofChristians,Taoistsandnon-religiouspeopleincreasedbetween2000and2010byabout3%each,whiletheproportionofBuddhistsdecreased.Otherfaithsremainedlargelystableintheirshareofthepopulation.
(2)MostSingaporeanscelebratethemajorfestivalsconnectedwiththeirrespectivereligions.Thevarietyofreligionsisadirectreflectionoftheraceslivingthere.TheChinesearefollowersofBuddhism,Taoism,Shenism,Christians,Catholicsandsomeconsideredas'free-thinkers'(Thosewhodonotbelongtoanyreligion).MalayshavetheMuslimsandIndiansareHindus.ThereisasizeablenumberofMuslimsandSikhsintheIndianpopulation.
ReligioustoleranceisessentialinSingapore.Infact,religionsoftencrossracialboundariesinthismoderncountry.YoungerSingaporeanstendtocombinealittleofthemysteriesoftheoldergenerationwiththerealisticworldthattheyknowoftoday.ReligionisstillanimportantpartofSingapore.Manyofitsmostinterestingbuildingsarereligious,beitoldtemples,modernchurches,orexoticmosques.Anunderstandingofthesebuildingsplaysapartincontributingtotheappreciationoftheirartandthecountry.
新加坡之五------语言与教育
(1)
Singaporehasfourofficiallanguages:
English,Chinese,Malay,andTamil.Englishisthefirstlanguageofthenationandisthelanguageofbusiness,governmentandmediumofinstructioninschools.TheSingaporeconstitutionandalllawsarewritteninEnglish.80%ofSingaporeansareliterateinEnglishaseithertheirfirstorsecondlanguage.ChineseMandarinisthenextcommonlyspoken,followedbyMalayandTamil.SingaporeanEnglishisbasedonBritishEnglish,andformsofEnglishspokenrangefromStandardEnglishtoapidginknownasSinglish.Singlishisheavilydiscouragedbythegovernment.Accordingtothe2010officialcensus,nearlyoneinthreeSingaporeansspeakEnglishastheirhomelanguage.
(2)Chineseisthemostcommonhomelanguage,usedbyabouthalfofallSingaporeans.SingaporeanMandarinisthemostcommonversionofChineseinthecountry,with1.2millionusingitastheirhomelanguage.NearlyhalfamillionspeakotherChineselanguages(whichthegovernmentdescribesas"dialects"),mainlyHokkien,Teochew,andCantonese,astheirhomelanguage,althoughtheuseoftheseisdeclininginfavourofMandarinandEnglish.
Malayisthe"nationallanguage",aceremonialratherthanfunctionaldesignationtoreflectthecountry'shistory.TodayMalayisgenerallyspokenwithintheSingaporeanMalaycommunity,withonly16.8%ofSingaporeansliterateinMalayandonly12%usingitastheirhomelanguage.BazaarMalaywashistoricallythelinguafran
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