考研英语一真题.docx
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考研英语一真题.docx
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考研英语一真题
2019年英语
(一)考研真题
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...
Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:
Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?
Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?
Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.
Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.
Another12:
Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.
18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.
1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All
2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come
3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until
4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally
5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away
6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone
7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar
8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place
9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides
10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually
11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused
12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result
13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample
14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate
15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under
16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks
17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited
18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally
19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings
20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:
morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.
“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.
TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.
Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.
IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.
Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.
Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe_________.
A.enhancebanker’ssenseofresponsibility
B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits
C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation
D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives
22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_________.
A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits
B.governments’impatienceindecision-making
C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies
D.“short-termism”ineconomicsactivities
23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe__________.
A.indirect
B.adverse
C.minimal
D.temporary
24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate____________.
A.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.
B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.
C.theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.
D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism
B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue
C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives
D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers
Text2
Gradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.
Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.
Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.
Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”
Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.
Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.
26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?
A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.
B.Students’indifferencetoGPAS.
C.Colleges’neglectofGPAS.
D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.
27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?
A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.
B.Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.
C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.
D.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.
28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto_________.
A.obtainmorefinancialsupport
B.boosttheirstudentenrollments
C.improvetheirteachingquality
D.meetlocalgovernments’needs
29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?
A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.
B.Tocomplementeachother.
C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.
D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.
30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgiveness
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