chapter 3 Food additive.docx
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chapter 3 Food additive.docx
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chapter3Foodadditive
Chapter3Foodadditive
∙Foodadditives(食品添加剂)aresubstances(物质;基本内容;物品药物)addedtofoodtopreserve
保存;保持;维持
maintain,remain,save,retain,sustain
∙flavor(味道)orenhance(提高;加强;增加)itstasteandappearance.Someadditiveshavebeenusedforcenturies(几个世纪来;几个世纪以来);forexample,preservingfoodbypickling(酸洗;浸酸
acidpickling[化]酸渍
n.酸洗;浸酸
acidcleaning,derusting
withvinegar醋),salting,aswithbacon(熏肉),preservingsweetsorusingsulfurdioxide(二氧化硫)asinsomewines.Withtheadvent(到来)ofprocessedfoods(食品加工)inthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,manymoreadditiveshavebeenintroduced,ofbothnaturalandartificialorigin(天然和人工合成的).
1.Numbering(编号)
∙Toregulate(规范)theseadditives,andinformconsumers(便于消费者了解),eachadditiveisassigned(分配)auniquenumber(特定数字),termedas"Enumbers",whichisusedinEuropeforallapprovedadditives(被批准使用的添加剂).Thisnumberingscheme(编码制)hasnowbeenadopted(被采用)andextendedby(通过引申)theCodexAlimentariusCommission(国际食品规范委员会)tointernationallyidentifyalladditives,regardlessof(不管)whethertheyareapprovedforuse.
Enumbersareallprefixed(前缀)by"E",butcountriesoutsideEuropeuseonlythenumber,whethertheadditiveisapprovedinEuropeornot.Forexample,aceticacid(乙酸)iswrittenasE260onproductssoldinEurope,butissimplyknownasadditive260insomecountries.Additive103,alkanet(朱草,一种红色染料),isnotapprovedforuseinEuropesodoesnothaveanEnumber,althoughitisapprovedforuseinAustraliaandNewZealand.Since1987Australiahashadanapproved(被认可的)systemoflabelling(标记)foradditivesinpackagedfoods(食品包装).Eachfoodadditivehastobenamedornumbered.ThenumbersarethesameasinEurope,butwithouttheprefix'E'.
TheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministration(美国食品与药物管理局 )listed(列出,登记)theseitems(项目;名目)as"Generallyrecognizedassafe"(一般认为安全;公认安全)orGRASandthesearelistedunderboththeirChemicalAbstractServicesnumber(美国化学文摘登记号)andFukdaregulation(管理,规则,校准)listedundertheUSCodeofFederalRegulations(美国联邦法规).
2.Categories(种类)
Foodadditivescanbedividedinto(被分成)severalgroups,althoughthereissomeoverlap(重叠)betweenthem.
1)Acids
Foodacids(食品酸味剂)areaddedtomakeflavors(风味)"sharper"(味道辛辣的,酸的),andalsoactaspreservatives(防腐剂)andantioxidants(抗氧剂).Commonfoodacidsincludevinegar(醋酸),citricacid(柠檬酸),tartaricacid(酒石酸),malicacid(苹果酸),fumaricacid(富马酸),andlacticacid(乳酸).
2)Acidityregulators(酸度调节剂)
Acidityregulatorsareusedtochangeorotherwise(或相反,或其反面)controltheacidityandalkalinity(碱度)offoods.
Acidityregulators,orpHcontrolagents(调节体),arefoodadditivesaddedtochangeormaintainpH(acidityorbasicity(碱度,be‘saisiti)).Theycanbeorganic(有机的)ormineral(矿物)acids(无机酸),bases(强碱),neutralizingagents(中和剂),orbufferingagents(缓冲剂).
Acidityregulatorsareindicated(表明)bytheirE-number,suchasE260aceticacid(醋酸),orsimplylistedas"foodacid".Commonlyusedacidityregulatorsarecitric(柠檬酸),acetic醋酸andlacticacids乳酸.
3)Anticakingagents(抗结剂,anti反对的,caking结块)
Anticakingagentskeeppowders(粉末)suchasmilkpowderfromcaking(结块)orsticking(粘的,粘性的).
Ananticakingagentisanadditiveplacedinpowdered(粉末的)orgranulated(颗粒的)materials(材料),suchastablesalt(精制食盐),topreventtheformationoflumps(结块),easingpackaging(便于包装),transport,andconsumption(便于包装、运输和销售).
Ananticakingagentinsaltisdenoted(表示)intheingredients(成分,因素),forexample,as"anti-cakingagent(554)",whichissodiumaluminosilicate钠铝硅酸盐,aman-madeproduct.Thisproductispresentin(存在于)manycommercialtablesalts(市售精盐)aswellasdriedmilks奶粉,eggmixes,sugarproducts,andflours面粉.InEurope,sodiumferrocyanide亚铁氰化钠(535)andpotassiumferrocyanide亚铁氰化钾(536)aremorecommonanticakingagentsintablesalt.Natural天然的anticakingagentsusedinmoreexpensivetablesaltincludecalciumcarbonate碳酸钙andmagnesiumcarbonate碳酸镁.
Someanticakingagentsaresoluble溶解的inwater;othersaresolubleinalcohols酒精orotherorganicsolvents(有机溶剂).Theyfunction(起作用,运行,活动,行使职责)eitherbyadsorbing吸附excess过剩的moisture湿气,水分,orbycoatingparticles包覆粒子andmakingthemwaterrepellent(防水的).Calciumsilicate(CaSiO3硅酸钙),acommonlyusedanti-cakingagent,addedtoe.g.tablesalt,adsorbs(吸附,聚集)bothwaterandoil.
Anticakingagentsarealsousedinnon-fooditems(非食物物品)suchasroadsalt[1](道路防结冰用的盐),fertilisers[2](化肥),cosmetics[3](化妆品),syntheticdetergents[4](合成洗涤剂),andinmanufacturingapplications.(制造业应用程序)
Listofanticakingagents
ThefollowinganticakingagentsarelistedinorderbytheirEnumber.
E341TricalciumPhosphate磷酸三钙
E500Sodiumbicarbonate碳酸氢钠,小苏打
E535Sodiumferrocyanide亚铁氰化钠
E536Potassiumferrocyanide亚铁氰化钾
E538Calciumferrocyanide亚铁氰化钙
E542Bonephosphate骨质磷酸盐
E550Sodiumsilicate硅酸钠
E551Silicondioxide二氧化硅
E552Calciumsilicate硅酸钙
E553aMagnesiumtrisilicate三硅酸镁
E553bTalcumpowder滑石粉
E554Sodiumaluminosilicate铝硅酸钠
E555Potassiumaluminiumsilicate铝硅酸钾
E556Calciumaluminosilicate铝硅酸钙
E558Bentonite皂土
E559Aluminiumsilicate硅酸钙
E570Stearicacid硬脂酸
E900Polydimethylsiloxane聚二甲硅氧烷
4)Antifoamingagents(消泡剂)
Antifoamingagentsreduceorprevent(预防,防止)foaming(形成泡沫)infoods.
Adefoamer(去沫剂,消泡器)orananti-foamingagentisachemicaladditivethatreducesandhinders(阻碍,打扰)theformation(形成,构造)offoaminindustrialprocessliquids(工业过程液体).Thetermsanti-foamagentanddefoamerareoftenusedinterchangeably.(可交换的)
Adefoamerisnormallyusedinindustrialprocessestoincreasespeedandreduceotherproblems.Itaddresses(从事,忙于)bothproblemswithsurfacefoamandentrained(携带,夹带)orentrapped(留截,滞留)air.Awidevarietyof(很多的)chemicalformulas(化学式)areavailabletopromotecoalescenceoffoam.(促进泡沫聚集)Properties(性能,道具,内容)
Generallyadefoamer(去沫剂)isinsoluble(不能溶解)inthefoamingmedium(发泡媒介,中间体)andhassurfaceactiveproperties.(表面活性性能)Anessentialfeature(基本特征)ofadefoamerproductisalowviscosity(低粘度)andafacilitytospreadrapidlyonfoamysurfaces.(很容易迅速地在满是泡沫的表面扩散)Ithasaffinityto(有亲和力)theair-liquidsurfacewhereitdestabilizes(使动摇)thefoamlamellas.(泡沫层)Thiscausesrupture(破裂)oftheairbubbles(气泡)andbreakdown(分解)ofsurfacefoam.Entrainedairbubblesareagglomerated,(成团的,结块的)andthelargerbubblesrisetothesurfaceofthebulkliquid(散装液体)morequickly.
History
Thefirstdefoamerwasaimedat(旨在)breakingdownvisiblefoamatthesurface.Kerosene,(煤油,火油)fueloil(燃料油)andotherlightoilproductswereusedtobreakdown(分解)foam.Othervegetableoilsalsofoundsomeuse.Fattyalcohols(脂肪醇C7-C22)wereeffectivebutexpensiveantifoams.(止泡剂)Theywereaddedtooilproductstoboosttheefficiency.(提高效率)Milkandcreamwereforbears(祖宗,克制容忍)formoderndayemulsiontype(乳液型)defoamers.
Duringthe1950sexperimentswithsilicone(硅树脂)baseddefoamersstarted.Thesewerebasedonpolydimethylsiloxane(聚二甲硅氧烷)(siliconeoil硅油)dispersed(分散)inwaterorlightoil.(轻油,低粘度油)Siliconeoilsworkedwell,(有效)butcausedsurfacedisturbances(表面扰动)inmanyapplications(应用,应用程序)likepaints(绘画颜料)andpapermaking.(造纸)In1963thefirstantifoamswithhydrophobicparticles(疏水的微粒)(hydrophobicsilica疏水性二氧化硅)inlightoilwerepatented.(专利的)Intheearly1970s,hydrophobicwaxes(不易被水沾湿的蜡状物)likeethylenebisstearamide(乙烯双硬脂酰胺)dispersed(分散)inoilsdeveloped.Thesetypesofdefoamerswereveryefficient,buttheoilcrisis(石油危机)of1973madethesetooexpensiveandresultedinapushforreductionoftheoilcontent.(含油量)Thesolutionwasaddingwater.Sowaterextended(waterinoilemulsion)andwaterbased(oilinwateremulsion)defoamersappeared.
Thedevelopmentofsiliconebaseddefoamershascontinued,usingdifferentemulsifiersandmodifiedsiliconeoils.Intheearly1990s,siliconeemulsiondefoamersthatcausedlesssurfacedisturbanceswereusedinthewoodpulpingindustrywithgreatsuccess.Thesecausedbetterwashing,reducedbiologicaloxygendemand(BOD)ineffluentandreduceddeposits.
Oilbaseddefoamers
Oilbaseddefoamershaveanoilcarrier.Theoilmightbemineraloil,vegetableoil,whiteoiloranyotheroilthatisinsolubleinthefoamingmedium,exceptsiliconeoil.Anoilbaseddefoameralsocontainsawaxand/orhydrophobicsilicatoboosttheperformance.Typicalwaxesareethylenebisstearamide(EBS),paraffinicwaxes,esterwaxesandfattyalcoholwaxes.Theseproductsmightalsohavesurfactantstoimproveemulsificationandspreadinginthefoamingmedium.
Theseareheavydutydefoamersandarenormallybestatknockingdownsurfacefoam.
Powderdefoamers
Powderdefoamersareinprincipleoilbaseddefoamersonapariculatecarrierlikesilica.Theseareaddedtopowderedproductslikecement,plasteranddetergents.
Waterbaseddefoamers
Waterbaseddefoamersaredifferenttypesofoilsandwaxesdispersedinawaterbase.Theoilsareoftenwhiteoilsorvegetableoilsandthewaxesarelongchainfattyalcohol,fattyacidsoapsoresters.Thesearenormallybestasdeaerators,whichmeanstheyarebestatreleasingentrainedair.
Siliconebaseddefoamers
Siliconebaseddefoamershaveasiliconecompoundastheactivecomponent.Thesemightbedeliveredasanoilorawaterbasedemulsion.Thesiliconecompoundconsistsofanhydrophobicsilicadispersedinasiliconeoil.Emulsifiersareaddedtoensurethatthesiliconespreadsfastandwellinthefoamingmedium.Thesiliconecompoundmightalsocontainsiliconeglycolsandothermodifiedsiliconefluids.
Thesearealsoheavydutydefoamersandaregoodatbothknockingdownsurfacefoamandreleasingentrainedair.
Siliconebaseddefoamersarealsosuitableinnon-aquaousfoamingsystemslikecrudeoilandoilrefining.Forverydifficultsystemsflourosiliconesmaybesuitable.
EO/POba
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