平狄克《微观经济学》(第七版)06.ppt
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平狄克《微观经济学》(第七版)06.ppt
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Fernando&YvonnQuijanoPreparedby:
Production6CHAPTERCopyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.Chapter6:
Production2of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.CHAPTER6OUTLINE6.1TheTechnologyofProduction6.2ProductionwithOneVariableInput(Labor)6.3ProductionwithTwoVariableInputs6.4ReturnstoScaleChapter6:
Production3of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.ProductionThetheoryofthefirmdescribeshowafirmmakescost-minimizingproductiondecisionsandhowthefirmsresultingcostvarieswithitsoutput.Theproductiondecisionsoffirmsareanalogoustothepurchasingdecisionsofconsumers,andcanlikewisebeunderstoodinthreesteps:
1.ProductionTechnology2.CostConstraints3.InputChoicesTheProductionDecisionsofaFirmChapter6:
Production4of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.THETECHNOLOGYOFPRODUCTION6.1TheProductionFunctionfactorsofproductionInputsintotheproductionprocess(e.g.,labor,capital,andmaterials).Rememberthefollowing:
Inputsandoutputsareflows.Equation(6.1)appliestoagiventechnology.Productionfunctionsdescribewhatistechnicallyfeasiblewhenthefirmoperatesefficiently.productionfunctionFunctionshowingthehighestoutputthatafirmcanproduceforeveryspecifiedcombinationofinputs.(6.1)Chapter6:
Production5of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.THETECHNOLOGYOFPRODUCTION6.1TheShortRunversustheLongRunshortrunPeriodoftimeinwhichquantitiesofoneormoreproductionfactorscannotbechanged.fixedinputProductionfactorthatcannotbevaried.longrunAmountoftimeneededtomakeallproductioninputsvariable.Chapter6:
Production6of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.TABLE6.1ProductionwithOneVariableInput010011010101021030152031060203041080202051095191561010818137101121648101121409101081241010100108PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT(LABOR)6.2TotalOutput(q)AmountofLabor(L)AmountofCapital(K)MarginalProduct(q/L)AverageProduct(q/L)Chapter6:
Production7of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT(LABOR)6.2AverageandMarginalProductsaverageproductOutputperunitofaparticularinput.marginalproductAdditionaloutputproducedasaninputisincreasedbyoneunit.Averageproductoflabor=Output/laborinput=q/LMarginalproductoflabor=Changeinoutput/changeinlaborinput=q/LChapter6:
Production8of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT(LABOR)6.2TheSlopesoftheProductCurveThetotalproductcurvein(a)showstheoutputproducedfordifferentamountsoflaborinput.Theaverageandmarginalproductsin(b)canbeobtained(usingthedatainTable6.1)fromthetotalproductcurve.AtpointAin(a),themarginalproductis20becausethetangenttothetotalproductcurvehasaslopeof20.AtpointBin(a)theaverageproductoflaboris20,whichistheslopeofthelinefromtheorigintoB.TheaverageproductoflaboratpointCin(a)isgivenbytheslopeoftheline0C.ProductionwithOneVariableInputFigure6.1Chapter6:
Production9of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT(LABOR)6.2TheSlopesoftheProductCurveTotheleftofpointEin(b),themarginalproductisabovetheaverageproductandtheaverageisincreasing;totherightofE,themarginalproductisbelowtheaverageproductandtheaverageisdecreasing.Asaresult,Erepresentsthepointatwhichtheaverageandmarginalproductsareequal,whentheaverageproductreachesitsmaximum.AtD,whentotaloutputismaximized,theslopeofthetangenttothetotalproductcurveis0,asisthemarginalproduct.ProductionwithOneVariableInput(continued)Figure6.1Chapter6:
Production10of24Copyright2009PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallMicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,7e.PRODUCTIONWITHONEVARIABLEINPUT(LABOR)6.2TheLawofDiminishingMarginalReturnsLaborproductivity(outputperunitoflabor)canincreaseifthereareimprovementsintechnology,eventhoughanygivenproductionprocessexhibitsdiminishingreturnstolabor.AswemovefrompointAoncurveO1toBoncurveO2toConcurveO3overtime,laborproductivityincreases.TheEffectofTechnologicalImprovementFigure6.2lawofdiminishingmarginalreturnsPrinciplethatastheuseofaninputincreaseswithotherinputsfixed,theresultingadditionstooutputwilleventuallydecrease.Chapter6:
Pr
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