1995年托福阅读全真试题.docx
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1995年托福阅读全真试题.docx
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1995年托福阅读全真试题
1995年10月托福阅读全真试题
Questions1-13
Atmosphericpressurecansupportacolumnofwaterupto10metershigh.Butplantscanmovewatermuchhigher,thesequoiatreecanpumpwatertoitsverytop,morethan100metersabovetheground.Untiltheendofthenineteenthcentury,themovementofwaterintreesandothertallplantswasamystery.Somebotanistshypothesizedthatthelivingcellsofplantsactedaspumps,Butmanyexperimentsdemonstratedthatthestemsofplantsinwhichallthecellsarekilledcanstillmovewatertoappreciableheights.Otherexplanationsforthemovementofwaterinplantshavebeenbasedonrootpressure,apushonthewaterfromtherootsatthebottomoftheplant.Butrootpressureisnotnearlygreatenoughtopushwatertothetopsoftalltrees.Furthermore,theconifers,whichareamongthetallesttrees,haveunusuallylowrootpressures.
Ifwaterisnotpumpedtothetopofatalltree,andifitisnotpushedtothetopofatalltree,thenwemayask,Howdoesitgetthere?
Accordingtothecurrentlyacceptedcohesion-tensiontheory,waterispulledthere.Thepullonarisingcolumnofwaterinaplantresultsfromtheevaporationofwateratthetopoftheplant.Aswaterislostfromthesurfaceoftheleaves,anegativepressure,ortension,iscreated.Theevaporatedwaterisreplacedbywatermovingfrominsidetheplantinunbrokencolumnsthatextendfromthetopofaplanttoitsroots.Thesameforcesthatcreatesurfacetensioninanysampleofwaterareresponsibleforthemaintenanceoftheseunbrokencolumnsofwater.Whenwaterisconfinedintubesofverysmallbore,theforcesofcohesion(theattractionbetweenwatermolecules)aresogreatthatthestrengthofacolumnofwatercompareswiththestrengthofasteelwireofthesamediameter.Thiscohesivestrengthpermitscolumnsofwatertobepulledtogreatheightswithoutbeingbroken.
1.Howmanytheoriesdoestheauthormention?
(A)One
(B)Two
(C)Three
(D)Four
2.Thepassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?
(A)Whatistheeffectofatmosphericpressureonfoliage?
(B)Whendodeadcellsharmplantgrowth?
(C)Howdoeswatergettothetopsoftrees?
(D)Whyisrootpressureweak?
3.Theword"demonstrated"inline7isclosestinmeaningto
(A)ignored
(B)showed
(C)disguised
(D)distinguished
4.Whatdotheexperimentsmentionedinlines7-9prove?
(A)Plantstemsdiewhendeprivedofwater
(B)Cellsinplantstemsdonotpumpwater
(C)Plantscannotmovewatertohighaltitudes
(D)Plantcellsregulatepressurewithinstems
5.Howdobotanistsknowthatrootpressureisnottheonlyforcethatmoveswaterinplants?
(A)Someverytalltreeshaveweakrootpressure.
(B)Rootpressuresdecreaseinwinter.
(C)Plantscanliveaftertheirrootsdie.
(D)Waterinaplant'srootsisnotconnectedtowaterinitsstem.
6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?
(A)Waterispushedtothetopsoftrees.
(B)Botanistshaveproventhatlivingcellsactaspumps.
(C)Atmosphericpressuredrawswatertothetopsoftalltrees.
(D)Botanistshavechangedtheirtheoriesofhowwatermovesinplants.
7.Theword"it"inline16refersto
(A)top
(B)tree
(C)water
(D)cohesion-tensiontheory.
8.Theword"there"inline18refersto
(A)treetops
(B)roots
(C)watercolumns
(D)tubes
9.Whatcausesthetensionthatdrawswaterupaplant?
(A)Humidity
(B)Plantgrowth
(C)Rootpressure
(D)Evaporation
10.Theword"extend"inline24isclosestinmeaningto
(A)stretch
(B)branch
(C)increase
(D)rotate
11.Accordingtothepassage,whydoeswatertravelthroughplantsinunbrokencolumns?
(A)Rootpressuremovesthewaterveryrapidly.
(B)Theattractionbetweenwatermoleculesinstrong.
(C)Thelivingcellsofplantspushthewatermoleculestogether.
(D)Atmosphericpressuresupportsthecolumns.
12.Whydoestheauthormentionsteelwireinline30?
(A)Toillustrateanothermeansofpullingwater
(B)Todemonstratewhywoodisagoodbuildingmaterial
(C)Toindicatethesizeofacolumnofwater
(D)Toemphasizethestrengthofcohesiveforcesinwater
13.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthorgiveanexampleofaplantwithlowrootpressure?
(A)Lines3-4
(B)Lines5-7
(C)Lines10-11
(D)Lines12-13
Question14-22
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantfromcitycentersthantheywereinthepre-modernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550,000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears-lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.
Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:
urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.
14.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?
(A)Typesofmasstransportation.
(B)Instabilityofurbanlife.
(C)Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.
(D)Theeffectsofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.
15.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingaseffectsofmasstransportationoncitiesEXCEPT
(A)growthincityarea
(B)separationofcommercialandresidentialdistricts.
(C)Changesinlifeintheinnercity.
(D)Increasingstandardsofliving.
16.Theword"vast"inline5isclosestinmeaningto
(A)large
(B)basic
(C)new
(D)urban
17.Theword"sparked"inline15isclosestinmeaningto
(A)broughtabout
(B)surrounded
(C)sentout
(D)followed
18.WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?
(A)Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.
(B)Toshowthatmasstransitchangedmanycities.
(C)Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.
(D)Tocontrasttheirratesofgrowth
19.Theword"potential"inline23isclosestinmeaningto
(A)certain
(B)popular
(C)improved
(D)possible
20.Theword"many"inline25refersto
(A)people
(B)lots
(C)years
(D)developers
21.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?
(A)Itwasexpensive.
(B)Ithappenedtooslowly.
(C)Itwasunplanned.
(D)Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.
22.TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity
(A)thatislarge
(B)thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment
(C)wherelanddevelopmentexceededpopulationgrowth
(D)withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.
Question23-33
Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisrareoccurrenceinthefossilrecord.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersordestroyedbyweatheringbeforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigherchanceofbeingpreservedthandidterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmarineanimals,theytendedtoliveinenvironmentslesssubjecttoerosion.Still,theirfossilizationrequiredasuiteoffactors:
aslowrateofdecayofsofttissues,littlescavengingbyotheranimals,alackifswiftcurrentsandwavestojumbleandcarryawaysmallbones,andfairlyrapidburial.Giventhesefactors,someareashavebecomeatreasuryofwell-preservedichthyosaurfossils.
ThedepositsatHolzmaden,Germany,presentaninterestingcaseforanalysis.Theichthyosaurremainsarefoundinblack,bituminousmarineshalesdepositedabout190millionyearsago.Overtheyears,thousandsofspecimensofmarinereptiles,fish,andinvertebrateshavebeenrecoveredfromtheserocks.Thequalityofpreservationisoutstanding,butwhatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthyosaurfossilscontainingpreservedembryos.Ichthyosaurswithembryoshavebeenreportedfrom6differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaroundHolzmaden,suggestingthataspecificsitewasusedbylargenumbersofichthyosaursrepeatedlyovertime.Theembryosarequiteadvancedintheirphysicaldevelop-ment;theirpaddles,forexample,
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