国际贸易实务(英文).ppt
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国际贸易实务(英文).ppt
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1PracticeofInternationalTradeLiGuo2ChapterOne:
IntroductiontoInternationalTradelI.WhatisInternationalTrade?
l1)Definition:
lInternationaltrade,alsoasworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,isthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsandservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Itconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.lForeigntrade:
fromthestandpointofaspecificcountrylWorldtrade:
thesumofeachcountrysforeigntradelOverseastrade:
someislandcountries(Japan,UKetc.)l2)CharacteristicofinternationaltradelThefundamentalcharacteristicthatmakesinternationaltradedifferentfromldomestictradeisthatinternationaltradeinvolvesactivitiesacrossnationalboundaries.lSpecialproblemsmayariseininternationaltradethatarenotnormallyexperiencedwhentradingathome.Inparticular:
3lDealsmighthavetobetransactedinforeignlanguagesandunderforeignlaws,customs(culturalshocks)andregulations.lInformationonforeigncountriesneededbyaparticularfirmmaybedifficulttoobtain.lForeigncurrencytransactionwillbenecessaryE.gUSD,GBP,EUROJPYlExchangeratevariationscanbeverywideandcreatemanyproblemsforinternationaltrade.lRisklevelmightbehigherinforeignmarkets.Therisksincludepoliticalrisks(oftheimpositionofrestrictionsonimportsetc);commercialrisks(marketfailure,productsnotappealingtoforeigncustomers,etc);financialrisks(ofadversemovementinexchangerates,highratesofinflationreducingtherealvalueofacompanysworkingcapital,andsoon);andtransportationrisks.lInternationalmanagersneedabroaderrangeofmanagementskillsthandomanagerswhoareonlyconcernedwithdomesticproblems.lLargeamountofimportantworkmighthavetobelefttointermediaries,consultantsandadvisers.4lItismoredifficulttoobserveandmonitortrendsandactivities(includingcompetitorsactivitiesinforeigncountries.lII.TheoryofInternationalTradelInternationaltradevolumehasbeenexpandingwiththeindustrializationofthewesterncountries.Figure1.1showsthedevelopmentofworldtradesincetheendofWWII02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,0001947195019551960196519701975198019851990199519961997BillionsofUSD98.510,8555lThetradevolumeincreasedover100timessince1947.Butwhydocountriestradewitheachother.Briefly,countriestradefortworeasons.First,countiestradebecausetheyaredifferentfromeachother.Nations,likeindividuals,canbenefitfromtheirdifferencesbyreachinganarrangementinwhicheachdoesthethingsitdoesrelativelywell.Second,countriestradetoachieveeconomiesofscaleinproduction.Thatis,ifeachcountryproducesonlyalimitedrangeofgoods,itcanproduceeachofthesegoodsatalargerscaleandhencemoreefficientlythanifittriedtoproduceeverything.Inthislight,thetheoryoftradecanbedividedintotwogroups:
traditionaltradetheoryandnewtradetheory.l.l6l1)TraditionaltradetheorylAssumptions:
constantreturnstoscale/perfectcompetitionlThetheoryofabsoluteadvantage2x2x1lAdamSmith7lAbsoluteAdvantageU.SU.KWheat(bushels/man-hour)61Cloth(yards/man-hour)45ThelawofComparativeAdvantage:
DavidRicardo2x2x18lComparativeAdvantagelHeckscherOhlintheory(Factorproportionstheory),developedbytwoSwedisheconomists,EliHecksherandBertilOhlin(OhlinreceivedtheNobelPrizeineconomicsin1977).U.SU.KWheat(bushels/man-hour)61Cloth(yards/man-hour)429l2)NewtradetheorylAssumptions:
increasingreturnstoscale/imperfectcompetitionlTradeinaworldwithoutIncreasingReturnsHome(capitalabundant)manufacturesfoodForeign(laborabundant)10lTradewithIncreasingReturnsandMonopolisticCompetitionHome(capitalabundant)Foreign(laborabundant)manufacturesfoodIntra-industrytradeInter-industrytradeIfmanufacturesisamonopolisticallycompetitiveindustry,HomeandForeignWillproducedifferentiatedproducts.Asaresult,evenifHomeisanetexportOfmanufacturedgoods,itwillimportaswellasexportmanufactures,givingRisetointra-industrytrade.Intra-industrytrade(manufacturesformanufactures)doesnotreflectcomparativeAdvantage.ItiseconomiesofscalethatkeepeachcountryfromproducingthefullRangeofproductsforitself.Therelativeimportanceofinter-industryandintra-industryTradedependsonhowsimilarcountriesare.IfHomeandForeignaresimilarintheir11lIII.TheInstrumentsofTradePolicyl1)Tariff:
thesimplestformoftradepolicy,isataxleviedwhenagoodisimported.lSpecifictariffsareleviedasafixedchargeforeachunitofgoodsimported(forexample,$3perbarrelofoil)lAdvaloremtariffsaretaxesthatareleviedasafractionofthevalueoftheimportedgoods.lCompoundTariff:
specifictariff+advaloremtariff(butonlyoneisthemainpart,theotherisaplus)lAlternativeTariff:
selectthehigherone12lCostsandBenefitsofaTarifffortheImportingcountryPQPTPWP*TabcdeS1S2D1D2Consumerloss:
a+b+c+dProducergain:
aGovernmentrevenuegain:
c+eThenetwelfareofatariffis:
(a+b+c+d)a(c+e)=b+deDS13l2)OtherInstrumentsoftradepolicylExportSubsidies:
apaymenttoafirmorindividualthatshipsagoodabroad.Liketariff,anexportsubsidycanbeeitherspecific(afixedsumperunit)oradvalorem(aproportionofthevalueexported).lImportQuota:
adirectrestrictiononthequantityofsomegoodthatmaybeimported.Therestrictionisusuallyenforcedbyissuingtosomegrou
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