高中外研版英语教材选修8课文.docx
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高中外研版英语教材选修8课文.docx
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高中外研版英语教材选修8课文
Module1
Antarctica:
thelastcontinent
1
AntarcticaisthecoIdestpIaceonEarth.It'saIsothedriest.WithannuaIrainfaIIcIosetozero,AntarcticaistechnicaIIyadesert.Coveringabout14millionsquarekiIometresaroundtheSouthPoIe,itisthefifthIargestcontinentintheworld.Ahighmountainrange,theTransAntarcticrange,runsfromeasttowest,cuttingthecontinentintwo.TherearevoIcanoestoo,buttheyarenotveryactive.AntarcticahoIds90%oftheworId'sice,andmostofitsfreshwater(70%)isinafrozenstate,ofcourse.98%ofthesurfaceiscoveredpermanentIyintheicecap.OnaverageitistwokiIometresthick,butinsomepIacesitreachesadepthoffivekilowindsdrivenbygravitybIowfromthepoIetothecoastIine,whileotherwindsblowroundthecoast.ItisdifficulttoimagineamoreinhospitablepIace.
2
YetAntarcticaisfulIofwildlife,whichhasadaptedtoitsextremearedifferenttypesofpenguins,flyingbirds,seals,andwhaIes.ButtheIongAntarcticwinternight,whichIastsfor182days(theIongestperiodofcontinuousdarknessonearth),asweIIastheextremecoldandIackofrainfaII,meansthatfewtypesofpIantscansurvivethere.OnIytwotypesoffIoweringplantsarefound,whiletherearenotreesonthelargecontinent.TherestofthepIantsaremadeupofmosses,aIgaeandIichen.SomeformsofaIgaehaveadaptedtogrowonice.
3
Mostoftheicehasbeenthereforthousandsofyears.Asaresult,ithasbecomeawindowonthepast,andcangiveresearchersIotsofusefuIinformation.GasesandmineraIs,intheformofvolcanicdusttrappedintheice,cantelIusalotaboutwhattheworIdscIimatewasIikeinpastages.AntarcticrocksareaIsoveryimportantforresearch.Mostofthemaremeteoritesfromouterspace.Onerock,knownusthe“Alien”rock,maycontainevidenceofextra-terrestriaIIife.SincemostAntarcticrocksarcdarkincoIour,theystandoutagainstthewhilebackgroundandareeasytoidentifyandcollect.
4
AntarcticawastheIastcontinenttobediscovered.ButmorethantwothousandyearsagoGreekgeographersbeIievedthattherewasaIargeIandmassinthesouthwhichbaIancedtheIandinthenorth.TheycalleditAnti-ArktikoSyorAntarctica:
theoppositeofArctic.WhenEuropeansdiscoveredthecontinentofAmericainthe15thcentury,thegreatageofexpIorationbegan.However,progresstotheSouthPoIewassIow.NotuntiItheIate18thcenturydidtheBritishexpIorerJamesCookcrosstheAntarcticCircle,butheneversawIand.Thenin1895,aNorwegiancalledCarstensBorchgrevinkbecamethefirstmantosetfootontheAntarcticmainland.Theracetothepolehadbegun.ItwasfinalIyreachedon11thDecember,1911bytheNorwegianRoaIdAmundsen.
5
TodayscientistsfrommanycountriestraveItoAntarcticatostudyitsresources.AspiritofinternationaIfriendshiphasreplacedtherivalrythatexistedbetweenmanyoftheearIierexpIorers.In1961,atreatysignedby12countries,includingBritain,France,andtheUSA,madeAntarcticatheworld'sbiggestnaturereserve.TheaimofthetreatyistopreventthecommercialandmiIitaryuseofthecontinent.Inparticular,itaimstokeepAntarcticafreefromnucIeartestsandradioactivewaste;topromoteinternationaIscientificprojects;andtoendargumentsaboutwhoownstheland.Todaycountriesrepresenting80%oftheworld'spopulationhavesignedthetreaty.AntarcticahasbecomeperhapsthemostsuccessfuIsymboIofman'seffortstoworktogetherforprogressandpeace.
HowFailureBecameSuccess
On8thAugust,1914,27menwhohadrepIiedtoanadvertisementinTheTimesboardedashipIeavingfortheAntarctic.ThenameoftheshipwastheEnduranceandthecaptainwasanIrishmancalledErnestShackIeton.
TheaimofthejourneywastocrossthefrozencontinentviatheSouthPoIe-ajourneyof1,800miles.
ShackIetonthoughtthejourneywouIdlastsixmonths.
ButwhenIandcameintosight,theEndurancebecametrappedintheiceandbegantobreakup.ShackIetonandhismenwatchedtheEndurancesinkintotheicysea.Theythenheadednorth,pullingthreeIifeboatsbehindthem.
Aftersixdays,badweatherforcedthemtogiveupandthemensetupcamponasheetoficewhichbeganslowlymovingacrosstheAntarcticCircle.
Theysurvivedontheiceforfivemonths.Then,on16thApri1,1915,ShackIetonsawland.11wasElephantIsIand-aIargerockwithnothinggrowingonit,butmuchbetterthanafIoatingpieceofice.WhentheyreachedtheisIand,ShackIetoncameupwithanidea-itwasariskbuthewouIdhavetotakeit.HeandfivemenwouIdtakeoneofthelifeboats,andsaiI800milestoSouthGeorgia,wheretherewasapermanentcamp.TheycouIdthenreturntorescuetherestofthemen.
IttookShackIeton17daystoreachSouthGeorgia.
UnfortunateIyheIandedonthewrongsideoftheisIand,andhadtowaIk36hoursovermountainstoreachthecamp.
ThewhaIehuntersatthecampcouldn'tbeIievetheireyeswhentheysawthesixmenwalkingdownfromthemountains.
ShackIetonkepthispromise.Morethanthreemonthslater,hereturnedtoElephantIsIandtorescuethecrewhehadbeenforcedtoabandon.HehadfailedtoreachthepoIe—buthehadsavedtheIivesofaIIhismen.
WeIcometotheSouthPoles!
SouthPolesHowmanyarethere
Infact,therearethreeSouthPoles:
aceremoniaIPoIe,whichisonthemovingglacier,ageographicaIortruePoIe,andamagneticchangesitspositionaccordingtothemovementoftheEarth.
Isitsafe
BecausetheSouthPoIeisahighaItitudesite,theglareofthesunIighthereisveryintense.It'saIsorefIectedbythesnow,soifyougooutside,remembertowearsunglassesanduseyoudon't,there'sasevereriskthatyou'IIdamageyoureyesightorgetbadIysunburnt.
/s71cold
Yes!
BeverycarefuIoutintheopenair!
Thetemperatureisbetweenminus21Cinthesummerandminus78Cinthewinter,andyoucanbecomenumbwithcoIdwithoutreaIising.There?
sheavyfrostevenonthewarmestsummerdays,andifit'squietyoucanhearyourbreathfreeze.SoifyouIeavethestation,dresswarmlyandcarrydrycIothingandaportableradio.
Isthereanythinggoodabouttheweather
Theairisverypure,anditdoesn'tsnowverymuch-onlyaboutfourmillimetresayear.There'sveryIittIewindandtheskyisusuaIIycIear.It'spossiblythecaImestpIaceonEarth.
What9s71liketo/7vehere
LifeisquiteabnormaI.Sunriseandsunsetcomeonceeverysixmonths,andinthewinterthetotaIabsenceofdayIightcanbetiresome,andforsome,depressing.We'retotaIIyisoIatedexceptforradioandelectroniccommunications,asnoaircraftcanfIyhereforaboute\ghtmonths.
Wheredowe/ive
TheSouthPoIescientificstationissituatedonapIatformofice,3,000—4,000metreshigh,butunderonIyafewmiIIimetresofsnow.Wehaveaminimumof28peopleIivinghereinthewinterandamaximumof125inthesummer.TheIivingquartersaremodestwithfewIuxuries,but'sacomfortabIedormitoryforsIeeping,thecanteenservesgreatfood,andthere'saweII-stockedIibraryofDVDsandvideos.ButshowersandIaundryareIimited,becausewaterisveryvaIuabIe.Wediscourageyoufromsmokingexceptinspecificareas.MedicaIassistanceisavaiIabIeincaseofanemergency.
Anyotheradvice
RememberthatconventionaIequipmentdoesn'taIwaysworkasitshoulddo.Ifyouuseanelectricdrill,thepowercordwiIIsnap.Photographyistrickytoo,asfilmisfragiIeandthecamerabatterydoesn'tworkinthecoId.
Don'tIeaveanyrubbish,anddon'tforgetthattheecoIogyofAntarcticaisverydelicate,sodon'ttakeanysouvenirshomewithyou,andbecarefuItoIeavenothingbutfootprints.
FinalIy,rememberthatwe'reaIIvisitorstotheSouthPoIe.It'saprivilege,notarighttocometothisextraordinarypIace.
TheTravelsofMarcoPolo
Theyearis1271AD.Imaginea17-year-oldboyfrom
Venice,Italy,well-educatedandtrainedforIifeasarichtrader.HesetsoffwithhisfatheranduncIeona25-yearjourneytomysterious,distantIandsthatmostpeopIeinEuropehaveneverheardof.Whileontheirjourneybuyingandsellingspices,silksandjeweIs,theybefriendoneofthemostpowerfuImenonEarth,KubIaKhan.
Theboy'snamewasMarcoPoIoandmanyyearsIaterabookabouthistraveIswaspubIishedwhichmadehimfamous.MarcoPoIotoldhisfantasticstoriestoawriternamedRustichelIowhowrotethemdownforhim.Thismanwaswell-knownforhisstoriesandromantictaIesoftheIegendaryEnglishKingArthur,butsomanypeopledoubtedthereliabilityofhisbookTheTravelsofMarcoPolo.However,ChinesehistorianshavefoundobscurenamesandfactsinthebookthatcouIdonIyhavebeenknowntosomeoneintimatewiththecountry.
ManyofMarco'sstorieswereaboutChinaanditspeopIe.
HetoIdstoriesaboutthetowns,citiesandpopuIationsingreatdetaiI.Hedescribedtheamazingthingshesawin
ChinasuchaspapermoneyandbIackstonethatburned(coaI)•WithveryIittIecontactbetweenChinaandtheWest,itisnotsurprisingthatpeopIeinarichpowerfuIpIaceIikeVenicecouIdnotbeIievehisstories,norintheideaofhuge,richcitystatesinhabitedbymiIIionsofpeopIe.TherecouIdsureIybenocomparisonwithVenice
AgeneraImythhasgrownuparoundMarcoPoIoth
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