9395阅读原文.docx
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9395阅读原文.docx
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9395阅读原文
Passage1
Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?
JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.
Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.
TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.
Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputint0sentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.
Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern“toy-bear.”Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.
Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling(咿呀学语),graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.
Passage2
Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic(官僚主义的)managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.
Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.
Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain--bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.
AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism?
Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesint0ahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.
Passage3
Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:
hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.
Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly(垄断)andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.
Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.
ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolourTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.
Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.
Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost“new”ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.
Passage1
TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.
Theimportantfactorinaprivateenterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
Passage2
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere.
Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmoretha
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