语言学教程Chapter3.ppt
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语言学教程Chapter3.ppt
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ChapterThreeLexicon1.Whatisword?
nnAunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.nnAvaguedefinition.Threesensesareinvolvedindefining“word”,noneofwhichissatisfactorytocopewithallthesituations.1.1Threesensesof“word”nnAphysicalunit:
aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopausesorblanks,egnnPhonological:
nnOrthographic:
Itiswonderful.nnThreewordsarerecognized.nnHowever,incasualspeechorwriting,itoftenbecomes:
nnPhonological:
nnOrthographic:
Itswonderful.nnAretheytwowordsorthree?
nnAsetofforms:
walk,walks,walking,walkednnHowmanywordsarethere?
nnIusuallyhavedinnerat6butyesterdayIhaditatseven.nnHowmanytimesdidtheword“have”occur?
AlexicalitemoralexemennAlexicalitemisanentryinadictionary.AlexemeWRITEWRITEincludesallofitsgrammaticalforms:
nnwrite,writes,writing,wrote,writtennnAgrammaticalunit:
sentenceclausephrasewordmorphemennProblem:
blackboard1.2IdentificationofwordsnnStability:
stablelinguisticunits.nnchairman,butnot*manchairnnRelativeuninterruptibility:
thoughwerecognizethreecomponentsintheworddisappointment,wecannotpauseandaddanothercomponentinbetween,asin*disinterestappointment.nnButwecanaddanotherwordbetweenwords:
Paul,(John)andMary.nnAminimumfreeform:
thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitself,egnn-IsJanecomingtonight?
nn-Possibly.nnHi.nnWonderful.1.3ClassificationofwordsnnVariablevs.InvariableWords:
nnVariablewords:
write,writes,writing,wrote,written;cat,cats.nnInvariablewords:
since,when,seldom,through,etc.nnGrammaticalvs.LexicalWords:
nnGrammatical/Functionwords:
conjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns.nnLexical/Contentwords:
nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs.nnClosed-classvs.Open-classWords:
nnClosed-classwords:
Newmemberscannotnormallybeadded,egpronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,auxiliaries.nnOpen-classwords:
Newmemberscanbeadded,egnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.nnWordclass:
knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar.nnNoun,verb,adjective,adverb,preposition,pronoun,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.nnSomenewtermsinwordclass:
nnParticle:
infinitiveto,negativenot,subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs“getby”,“lookback”,etc.nnAuxiliary:
do,havennModalverbs:
can,will,may,must,etc.nnPro-forms:
substitutesforotherterms.nnPronoun:
he,she,I,they,everyonennPro-adjective:
Yourcarisred.Soishis.nnPro-verb:
HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid.nnPro-adverb:
HehopestowinandIhopesotoo.nnPro-locative:
Hewentthere.nnDeterminer:
allthearticles,demonstratives,andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers.nnAsmanyasthreedeterminersmaybeusedineachcaseandthereisafixedorderwhenthereismorethanone.nnPredeterminers:
all,both;half,one-third,three-quarters;double,twice,threetimes;such,what(exclamative)nnCentraldeterminers:
the;this,these,that,those;PossP;we,us;you;which,what(relative),what(interrogative);a,another,some,any,no,either,neither;each,enough,much,more,most,less;afew,alittlennPostdeterminers:
every;many,several,few,little;one,two,three;(a)dozennn*theiralltroublenn*fivetheallboysnn*allthisboynn*allbothgirls2.MorphologynnMorphology:
thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponents-morphemes.2.1MorphemesnnThesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.2.2TypesofmorphemesnnFreevs.Boundmorphemes:
nnFreemorphemes:
thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.nnBoundmorphemes:
thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.nnRoot:
thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,egfriendasinunfriendliness.nnRootsmaybennfree:
thosethatcanstandbythemselves,egblack+board;nation+-al;ornnbound:
thosethatcannotstandbythemselves,eg-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.nnAffix:
thetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Normallydividedintonnprefix(dis-,un-)andnnsuffix(-en,-ify).nnBase:
amorphemetowhichanaffixisadded,egnnfriendrootbasennfriendlyroot/base+suffixbasennunfriendlyprefix+basebasennunfriendlinessbase+suffixbase?
nnStem:
amorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixmaybeadded,egfriend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es.nnInflection:
grammaticalendings,egplural,tense,comparative,etc.nnDerivation:
combinationofabaseandanaffixtoformanewword,egfriend+-lyfriendly.2.3Word-formation2.3.1InflectionnnNominalforms:
boys,boysnnVerbforms:
wants,wanted,wantingnnAdjective/adverbforms:
smaller,smallest2.3.2Compounding
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