英国文学史及选读第一册.docx
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英国文学史及选读第一册.docx
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英国文学史及选读第一册
英国文学史选读第一册
PartITheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449-1066)
Theliterature:
Theliteratureofthisperiodfallsnaturallyintotwo
divisions:
pagan(异教徒文学)andChristian(基督徒文学)
Form:
Alliterativeverse
ThecomingofChristianitymeantnotsimplyanewlifeandleaderfor
England;itmeantalsothewealthofanewlanguage.
Caedmon(开德蒙)wroteapoeticParaphraseoftheBible.
Thegreatepic—TheSongofBeowulf:
TheSongofBeowulfcanbe
justlytermedEngland’snationalepicanditsheroBeowulf—oneofthe
nationalheroesoftheEnglishpeople.
PartIITHEANGLO-NORMANPERIOD(1066-1350)
Background:
theNormansheadedbyWilliam,defeatedtheAnglo-
Saxon.
Theliterature:
Theliteratureisremarkableforitsbright,romantictalesofloveand
adventure.EnglishliteratureisalsoacombinationofFrenchandSaxon
language.
Literarywork:
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight
Termexplanation:
Romance(传奇):
Romancewasatypeofliteraturethatwasverypopular
intheMiddleAges.Itisaboutthelifeandadventuresundertakenbya
knight.Itreflectedthespiritofchivalry.Thecontentofromance:
love,
religion,chivalry.Itinvolvesfightingandadventures.
PartIIIGEOFFREYCHAUCER(1340?
-1400)
GeoffreyChaucer,the“fatherofEnglishpoetry”andoneofthegreatest
narrativepoetsofEngland.Chaucer’screativeworkvividlyreflectedthe
changeswhichhadtakenrootinEnglishcultureofthesecondhalfofthe
14century.
th
Chaucerchosethemetricalform(格律诗)whichlaidthefoundationof
theEnglishtonico-syllabicverse.AndalsofoundtheLondondialectas
theEnglishliterarylanguage.
Works:
TheCanterburyTales
Termexplanation:
PopularBallads:
ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolk
literatureistheballad.Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathave
beenpreservedbyoraltransmission,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthe
secondandfourthlinerhymed.Thesubjectsofballadsarevarious,asthe
struggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudal-mindedfamilies.Bishop
Thomaswasamongthefirsttotakealiteraryinterestinballads.There
arevariouskindsofballads:
historical,legendary,fantastical,lyricaland
humorous.TheparamountballadisRobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale.
CommentsonRobinHood:
RobinHoodisapartlyhistoricalandpartly
legendarycharacter.ThefirstmentionofRobinHoodinliteratureisin
WilliamLangland’sTheVisionofPiers,thePlowman.
ThecharacterofRobinHoodismany-sided.Strong,braveandclever,he
isatthesametimetender-heartedandaffectionate.Hishatredforthe
crueloppressorsistheresultofhisloveforthepooranddowntrodden.
Works:
RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale
GetupandBartheDoor
SirPatrickSpens
PARTIVTHERENAISSANCE(1485-1603)anageofdramaand
lyricalpoetry
The16centuryinEnglandwasaperiodofthebreakingupoffeudal
th
relationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism.
Termexplanation:
Renaissance:
1)renaissancewasaculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe
14
centurytothe17century.Withthedevelopmentof
thth
bourgeoisrelationshipsandformationoftheEnglishnationalstate
thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationcultureknownas
theRenaissance.Thetermrenaissanceoriginallyindicateda
revivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciencesafterthe
darkagesofmedievalobscurantism(蒙昧主义).Thegreatestof
theEnglishhumanistswereThomasMoreandWilliam
Shakespeare.
2)Theme:
theexpressionofsecularvalueswithmaninsteadofGod
asthecenteroftheuniverse.Itemphasizesthedignityofman,
valuesofman.
3)Twomajortypes:
dramaandlyricalpoetry.
Itaffirmstheearthlyachievement,man’sdesireforhappinessand
pleasure.
Works:
1.ThomasMore:
humanist,
utopia(giveaprofoundandtruthfulpictureofthe
people’ssufferingsandputforwardhisidealofafuturehappy
society.
2.FrancisBacon:
scientistandphilosopher;
hisworksmaybedividedontothreeclasses:
the
philosophical,theliterary,andtheprofessional
essays
3.ThomasWyatt:
thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglish
literature.
4.EdmundSpenser:
TheFairyQueen
5.JohnLyly:
Eupheus;gaverisetotheterm“euphuism”,
designatinganaffectedstyleofcourtspeech.
6.ChristopherMarlowe:
thegreatestpioneersofEnglishdrama;
madeblandversetheprincipalvehicleexpressionindrama.
7.RobertGreene:
GeorgeGreen,thePinnerofWakefield
8.WilliamShakespeare:
oneofthefirstfoundersofrealism,a
masterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersand
relations.
Hamlet(Hamletisconsideredtobethe
summitofShakespeare’sart.Thewholetragedyispermeated
withthespiritofShakespeare’sowntime.Hamletisthe
profoundestexpressionofShakespeare’shumanismandhis
criticismofcontemporarylife.)
PARTVTHE17
TH
CENTURY
THEPERIODOFREVOLUTIONANDRESTORATION
Literarycharacteristicsinthisperiod:
The17centurywasoneofthemosttempestuousperiodsinEnglish
th
history.Thecontradictionsbetweenthefeudalsystemandthebourgeoisie
hadreacheditspeakandresultedinarevolutionaryoutburst.
(1)ThePuritaninfluence:
medievalstandardofchivalry,theimpossibleloveandromancesperished.
ThePuritansbelievedinsimplicityoflife.Theydisapprovedofthe
sonnetsandlovepoetry.TheBiblebecamenowtheonebookofthe
people.
(2)theexaggerationofthe“metaphysical”poets
Poetrytooknewandstartlingforms.Prosebecamesomber.Thespiritual
gloomsoonerorlaterfastensuponallthewritersofthisage.Thisso-
calledgloomyageproducedsomeminorpoemsofexquisite
workmanship,andonegreatmasterofversewhoseworkwouldglorify
anyageorpeople---JohnMilton.
(3)TheFrenchinfluenceismostmarkedinthedrama.
Rimedcoupletsinsteadofblankverse;
Theunities,amoreregularconstruction,andthepresentationratherthan
individual;
Thecomediesarecoarseinlanguageandtheirviewoftherelations
betweenmenandwomenisimmoralanddishonest.
(4)restorationcreatedaliteratureofitsown,thatwasoftenwittyand
clever,butonthewholeimmoralandcynical.Themostpopulargenre
wasthatofcomedythosechiefaimwastoentertainthelicentious
aristocrats.JohnDryden,critic,poetandplaywrightwasthemost
distinguishedliteraryfigureofthattime.
JohnDonne:
Hisprosestyle,involutedandornate,cumulativeandCiceronian,isone
ofthemoregloriousmonumentstothespiritoftheearlyseventeenth
century.
Song(“GoandCatchaFallingStar”)
AValediction:
ForbiddingMourning
Sonnet:
Deathbenotproud
JohnMilton:
poet,Puritan,fightforhumanrights;in1652became
totallyblind.
ParadiseLost:
itisbasedonthebiblicallegendoftheimaginary
progenitorsofthehumanrace---AdamandEve,andinvolvesGodandhis
eternaladversary,Sataninitsplot.Itpresentstheauthor’sviewsinan
allegoricreligiousform,andthereaderwilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea---
theexposureofreactionaryforcesofhistimeandpassionateappealfor
freedom.
Sonnet:
OnHisBlindness\
Sonnet:
OnHisDeceasedWife
JohnBunyan:
spiritualindependence,gaveustheonlygreatallegory.
Hewasimprisonedforpreachingwithoutalicense.
ThePilgrim’sProgress:
writteninold-fashioned,medievalformof
allegoryanddream.
Bunyanspeaksinterse,idiomaticprose,andhischaractersarelivingmen
andwomen.
PARTVITHE18
TH
CENTURY(anageofproseandnovel)
THEAGEOFENLIGHTENMENTINENGLAND
Thetheme:
socialreality,commonpeople’slife.
Theenormousamountofeighteenthcenturywritingdevotedtotransient
affairs,topolitics,fashions,gossip.
Enlightenment:
onthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethen
progressiveclassofbourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlighteners
foughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivals
offeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceatthe
serviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsand
requirementsofthepeople.Theproblemofmancomestothefore,
supersedingallotherproblemsinliterature.
1.JosephAddison,RichardSteele:
thepublishersofamoralisticjournal
TheTatlerandTheSpectator
Thesetwomagazinesarethefirstimportantrecognitionsbyliterature
ofthespecialofthespecialinterestsofwomenreaders,andalso
broughtliteraturedowntoeverydaylifeandkeptitcleanand
wholesome.
TheessaysandstoriesofAddisonandSteele,devotednotonlytosocial
problems,butalsotoprivatelifeandadventures,gaveanimpetustothe
developmentofthe18centurynovel.
th
SirRoger是JosephAddison塑造的经典形象。
2.AlexanderPope:
“whateveris,isright.(存在即是合理)”
highest
authorityinmattersofliterature.Heelaboratedcertainregulationsfor
thestyleofpoeticalworksandmadepopulartheso-calledheroic
couplets(fivefootiambicsrhymedincouplets)
3.DanielDefoe丹尼尔.笛福
RobinsonCrusoe:
thisbookwasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish
18centuryrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobias
th
GeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthe
bourgeoisrealisticnovel
Thefeaturesofhisworks:
heisanti-romantic,anti-feudalrealistic
writer.Heoftenuselongsentenceswithoutstrongpausedtogivehis
styleanimmediatequality,buttheunitsofmeaningaresmallandclear
withfrequentrepetitionsothatthewritinggivesanimpressionof
simplelucidity.明朗
4.JonathanSwift乔纳森.斯威夫特
1)HewasthemostoutstandingoftheepochofEnlightenment,and
themostremarkablesatirist讽刺家inthe18
th
centurywho
criticizedthenewbourgeois-aristocratic贵族的societyofhisage
withmercy.宽容,hesupportstheconservativeTory.
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