大学英语四级.docx
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大学英语四级.docx
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大学英语四级
ANEWENGLISHCOURSE
BOOKONETESTTHREE
PartIWriting(15’)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononetopic:
CityProblems.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.越来越多的人涌入大城市,有些问题随之产生
2.比较明显的大问题有……
3.我对这种现象的想法
CityProblems
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15’)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
ScientistsWeighOptionsforRebuildingNewOrleans
Asexpertsponderhowbesttorebuildthedevastated(毁坏)city,onequestioniswhethertowalloff—orworkwith—thewater.
EvenbeforethedeathtollfromHurricaneKatrinaistallied,scientistsarecautiouslybeginningtodiscussthefutureofNewOrleans.FewseemtodoubtthatthisvitalheartofU.S.commerceandculturewillberestored,butexactlyhowtorebuildthecityanditsdefensestoavoidarepeatcatastropheisanopenquestion.PlansforimprovingitsleveesandrestoringthebarrierofwetlandsaroundNewOrleanshavebeenonthetablesince1998,butfederaldollarsneededtoimplementthemneverarrived.Afterthetragedy,that'sboundtochange,saysJohnDay,anecologistatLouisianaStateUniversity(LSU)inBatonRouge.Andifthereisanupsidetothedisaster,hesays,it'sthat'nowwe'vegotacleanslatetostartfrom."
ManyarelookingforguidancetotheNetherlands,acountrythat,justlikebowl-shapedNewOrleans,sitsmostlybelowsealevel,keepingthewateratbaywithaconstructionofamazingscaleandcomplexity.Others,pointingtoVenice'slong-standingadaptations,sayit'sbesttoletwaterflowthroughthecity,depositingsedimenttooffsetgeologicsubsidence—amodelthatwouldrequirearadicalrethinkingofarchitecture.Anotherideaistoletnaturehelpbyrestoringthewetlandbuffersbetweenseaandcity.
Butbeforetheoptionscanbeweighed,severalunknownswillhavetobeaddressed.Oneispreciselyhowthecurrentdefensesfailed.Toanswerthat,LSUcoastalscientistsPaulKempandHassanMashriquiarepickingtheirwaythroughthedestroyedcityandsurroundingregion,reconstructingthesizeofwatersurgesbymeasuringtelltalemarksleftonthesidesofbuildingsandhighwaystructures.TheyarefeedingthesedataintoasimulationofthewindandwateraroundNewOrleansduringitsordeal.
"Wecan'tsayforsureuntilthisjobisdone,"saysDay,"buttheemergingpictureisexactlywhatwe'vepredictedforyears."Namely,severalcanals—includingtheMRGO,whichwasbuilttospeedshippinginthe1960s—havethecombinedeffectoffunnelingsurgesfromtheGulfofMexicorighttothecity'seasternleveesandthelakesystemtothenorth.Thosesurgesaretoblamefortheflooding."Oneofthefirstthingswe'llseedoneisthecompletebackfillingoftheMRGOcanal,"predictsDay,"whichcouldtakeacoupleofyears."
Thelevees,whichhavebeenprovisionallyrepaired,willbeshoredupfurtherinthemonthstocome,althoughtheirlong-termfateisunclear.Betterleveeswouldprobablyhavepreventedmostofthefloodinginthecitycenter.Toprovidefurtherprotection,amobiledamsystem,muchlikeastormsurgebarrierintheNetherlands,couldbeusedtocloseoffthemouthofLakePontchartrain.Butmostexpertsagreethattheseareshort-termfixes.
ThebasicproblemforNewOrleansandtheLouisianacoastlineisthattheentireMississippiRiverdeltaissubsidinganderoding,plungingthecitydeeperbelowsealevelandremovingathickcushionofwetlandsthatoncebufferedthecoastlinefromwindandwaves.Partofthesubsidenceisgeologicandunavoidable,butthereststemsfromtheleveesthathavehemmedintheMississippiallthewaytoitsmouthfornearlyacenturytopreventfloodsandfacilitateshipping.Asaresult,riversedimentisnolongerspreadacrossthedeltabutdumpedintotheGulfofMexico.Withoutaconstantstreamoffreshsediment,thebarrierislandsandmarshesaredisappearingrapidly,withaquarter,roughlythesizeofRhodeIsland,alreadygone.
Afteryearsofpoliticalwrangling,abroadgrouppulledtogetherbytheLouisianagovernmentin1998proposedamassive$14billionplantosavetheLouisianacoasts,calledCoast2050(nowmodifiedintoaplancalledtheLouisianaCoastalAreaproject).Wetlandrestorationwasakeycomponent."It'soneofthebestandcheapesthurricanedefenses,"saysDay,whochaireditsscientificadvisorycommittee.
Althoughtheplanwasnevergivenmorethantokenfunding,ateamledbyDayhasbeenconductingapilotstudysince2000,divertingpartoftheMississippiintothewetlandsdownstreamofthecity."Theresultsareasgoodaswecouldhavehoped,"hesays,withlandlevelsrisingatabout1centimeterperyear—enoughtooffsetrisingsealevels,saysDay.
Evenifthewetlandswererestoredandnewleveeswerebuilt,thecombinationofgeologicsubsidenceandrisingsealevelswilllikelysinkNewOrleansanothermeterby2100.Theproblemmightbesolvedbyanotherambitiousplan,saysRoelBoumans,acoastalscientistattheUniversityofVermontinBurlingtonwhodidhisph.D.atLSU:
shoringupthelowestlandwithaslurryofsedimentpipedinfromtheriver.Themajorityofthebuildingsinthefloodedareaswillhavetoberazedanyway,hesays,"sowhynottakethisopportunitytofixtherootoftheproblem?
"TherivercoulddepositenoughsedimenttoraisethebottomoftheNewOrleansbowltosealevel"in50to60years,"heestimates.Inthemeantime,peoplecouldliveintheseareasVenice-style,withbuildingsbuiltonstilts.Boumanseventakesitastepfurther:
"Youwouldhavetoraiseeverythingabout30centimetersonceevery30years,sowhynotmakethejobeasierbymakinghousesthatcanfloat."
Whetherthatistechnicallyorpoliticallyfeasible—Day,forone,callsit"notlikely"—remainstobeseen,especiallybecauseuntilnow,thepoorestresidentslivedinthelowestpartsofthecity.Anydecisiononhowbesttoprotectthecityinthefuturewillbetiedtohowmanypeoplewilllivethere,andwhere."theremaybealargecontingentofresidentsandbusinesseswhochoosenottoreturn,"saysBillGood,anenvironmentalscientistatLSUandmanageroftheLouisianaGeologicalSurvey'sCoastalProcessessection.Itisalsonotyetclearhowdecisionsaboutthereconstructionwillbemade,saysGood,"Sincethereisnoprecedentofcomparablemagnitude."Everylevelofgovernmentissuretobeinvolved,and"theprocessislikelytobeadhoc."
Evenwiththeinevitableminglingofscienceandpolitics,westillhave"auniquechancetobackoutofsomebaddecisions,"saysGood,whogrewupinNewOrleans."Ihopethatwedon'tletthisonce-in-historyopportunityslipthroughourfingersintherushtorebuildthecity:
"
1.ThepassagegivesageneraldescriptionofthesuggestionstoreconstructNewOrleansafterHurricaneKatrina.
2.TwoexamplestodealwithwaterareNetherlandsandVenice.
3.Thecanalshavenothingtodowiththeflooding.
4.Theleveeswillbeshoredupfurtherwithclearlong-termfate.
5.ThebasicproblemforNewOrleansisthesubsidenceofMississippiRiverdelta.
6.ThekeycomponentofCoast2050iswetlandrestoration.
7.TheplanofCoast2050willgetbillionsoffederalfunding.
8.NewOrleanswilllikelysink________________by2100.
9.Anotherambitiousplanistoshoringupthelowestlandwithaslurryofsediment________________.
10.Howdecisionsaboutthereconstructionwillbemadeisalso________________.
PartⅢ:
Tofillintheblankswithprep.orabv.(15’)
11. Yourstoryhasreallybrought________happymemoriesofmyowncampingexperience.
12. Huangshaniffamous________itsclouds,pinetressandrocks.
13. Wewon’tstand_______yourwayifitiswhatyoureallywant.
14. Alecture_______stamp-collectingwillbegivennextweek.
15. Mycampusisfree_______thehustleandbustleofametropolis.
16. Londonhaschanged________belief.Ithasbeencleanedupquitealot.
17. Doyouhavetolive_______thecampus?
18. Ijustcouldn’tholdcompletesentences_______mymemorywhilewriting.
19. Iamnotsureifyouhavetrouble_______makingdistinctionsofthefourtonesofChinese.
20. Ifyouareabitslowinpickingthings_______.
PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20’)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage. Questions21to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Blueistheworld'sfavoritecolor.Itisalsothecolormostoften21withintellectandauthority.
Mostuniformsareblue.InGreekandRomanmythology,blueisthecolorofskygods.IntheOldTestament,Godis22bydeepblue.Blueandturquoise(青绿色)arerepresentedbytheIslamicreligion.Itisthe23colorinthemosquesoftheworld.
Bluesymbolizestruth,peaceandcooperation.ItisthecoloroftheflagoftheUnitedNationsandofEurope.Asthecoolestcolorofthespectrum,itisthehuemostlikelytohavearecedingeffect.Asintheskiesandwaterthat24us,blueisseenasapeacefuland25color.Bluelighthasseento26bloodpressurebycalmingthenervoussystemhencerelaxin
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