A Glossary of Poetic Terms.docx
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A Glossary of Poetic Terms.docx
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AGlossaryofPoeticTerms
AGlossaryofPoeticTerms
Accent(重音)Anotherwordforstress.Theemphasisplacedonasyllable.Accentisfrequentlyusedtodenotestressindescribingverse.
Aestheticism(唯美主义)Aliterarymovementinthenineteenthcenturyofthosewhobelievedin“artforart’ssake”inoppositiontotheutilitariandoctrinethateverythingmustbemorallyorpracticallyuseful.KeyfiguresoftheaestheticmovementwereWalterPaterandOscarWilde.
Alexandrine(亚历山大诗体)ThemostcommonmeterinFrenchpoetrysincethesixteenthcentury:
alineoftwelvesyllables.ThenearestEnglishequivalentisiambichexameter.TheAlexandrinebeingalongline,itisoftendividedinthemiddlebyapauseorcaesuraintotwosymmetricalhalvescalledhemistiches.AlexanderPope’sEssayonCriticismoffersatypicalexample.
Allegory(讽喻)Apatternofreferenceintheworkwhichevokesaparallelactionofabstractideas.Usuallyallegoryusesrecognizabletypes,symbolsandnarrativepatternstoindicatethatthemeaningofthetextistobefoundnotintherepresentedworkbutinabodyoftraditionalthought,orinanextra-literarycontext.RrepresentativeworksareEdmundSpenser’sTheFaerieQueene,JohnBunyan’sThePilgrim’sProgress.
Alliteration(头韵)Arhyme-patternproducedinsidethepoeticlinebyrepeatingconsonantalsoundsatthebeginningofwords.Itisalsocalledinitialrhyme.
Allusion(引喻)Apassingreferenceinaworkofliteraturetosomethingoutsideitself.Awritermayalludetolegends,historicalfactsorpersonages,tootherworksofliterature,oreventoautobiographicaldetails.Literaryallusionrequiresspecialexplanation.Somewritersincludeintheirownworkspassagesfromotherwritersinordertointroduceimplicitcontrastsorcomparisons.T.S.Eliot’sTheWasteLandisofthiskind.
AmericanRenaissance(美国文学的文艺复兴)AtermdesignatingtheprosperityofAmericanliteraturefromaround1830untiltheendoftheCivilWarin1865.ItisthecontributionofwriterssuchasNathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,EdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitmantothedevelopmentofnewkindsofliteraturewithadistinctlyAmericannationalcharacter.
Amphibrach(短一长一短三音节音步)Ametricalfootofthreesyllables:
oneweak,onestrong,andoneweak.
Anacrusis(非重读音节)Oneormoreextrasyllablesatthebeginningofalineofverse,notcountedaspartofthemeter.
Analogy(类比)Theinvocationofasimilarbutdifferentinstancetothatwhichisbeingrepresented,inordertobringoutitssalientfeaturesthroughthecomparison.
Anapest(抑抑扬格)Atrisyllabicmetricalfootconsistingoftwounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable.
Apostrophe(顿呼)Arhetoricaltermforaspeechaddressedtoaperson,ideaorthingwithanintenseemotionthatcannolongerbeheldback,oftenplacedatthebeginningofapoemoressay,butalsoactingasadigressionorpauseinanongoingargument.
Approximaterhyme(近韵)Atermusedforthewordsinarimingpatternthathavesomekindcorrespondencebutarenotperfectrimesandoccasionallyappearinpatternswheremostoftherimesareperfect,andsometimesareusedsystematicallyinplaceofperfectrime.
Arcadia(阿卡狄亚)AmountainousregionofGreecewhichwasrepresentedastheblissfulhomeofhappyshepherds.DuringtheRenaissanceArcadiabecamethetypicalnameforanidealizedruralsocietywheretheharmoniousGoldenAgestillflourished.SirPhilipSidney’sproseromanceisentitledArcadia.
Argument(诗歌情节)Thepoem’splotorsequenceofideasthatformsitsconceptualstructure.
Assonance(半谐音)Therhyme-patternproducedinsidethepoeticlinebyrepeatingsimilarvowels.
Aubade(晨曲)Asongorsaluteatdawn,usuallybyaloverlamentingpartingatdaybreak,forexample,JohnDonne’sTheSunRising.
Avant-garde(先锋派)Amilitaryexpressionusedinliteraturereferstoagroupofmodernartistsandwriters.Theirmainconcernisdeliberateandself-consciousexperimentationinwritingtodiscovernewforms,techniquesandsubjectmatterinthearts.
Ballad(民谣)Anarrativepoemwhichwasoriginallysungtotellastoryinsimplecolloquiallanguage.
Balladmetre(民谣格律)Aquatrainofalternatefour-stressandthree-stresslines,usuallyroughlyiambic.
Balladstanza(民谣体诗节)Aquatrainthatalternatestetrameterwithtrimeterlines,andusuallyrhymesabcb.
BlackMountainschool(黑山派诗人)AgroupofpoetsassociatedwithBlackMountainCollegenearAshevilleinNorthCarolina.Theiroutstandingcharacteristicsareashortverseline,aconcernwithperceptionandthecreativeprocess.RobertCreeley,RobertDuncanandCharlesOlsonaretheleadingfiguresoftheschool.
Blankverse(无韵诗)Verseiniambicpentameterwithoutrhymescheme,oftenusedinversedramainthesixteenthcenturyandlaterusedforpoetry.
Burlesque(诙谐作品)Animitationofaliterarystyle,orofhumanaction,thataimstoridiculebyincongruitystyleandsubject.Highburlesqueinvolvesahighstyleforalowsubject,forinstance,AlexanderPope’sTheRapeoftheLock.
Byronichero(拜伦式英雄)AcharactertypeportrayedbyGeorgeLordGordonByroninmanyofhisearlynarrativepoems,especiallyChildHarold’sPilgrimage.TheByronicheroisabroodingsolitary,whoseeksexotictravelandwildnaturetoreflecthissuperhumanpassions.Heiscapableofgreatsufferingandguiltyofsometerrible,unspecifiedcrime,butbearsthisguiltwithpride,asitsetshimapartfromsociety,revealingthemeaninglessnessofordinarymoralvalues.Heismisanthropic,defiant,rebellious,nihilisticandhypnoticallyfascinatingtoothers.
Cacophony(不协调音)Aharsh,discordant,unpleasant-soundingchoiceandarrangementofsounds.
Caesura(停顿)Apausewithinalineofversedictatedbyspeechrhythmratherthanmeter.
Canto(诗章)Adivisionofalongpoem,especiallyanepic.Dante’sDivineComedy,Byron’sDonJuanandEzraPound’sCantosarealldividedintothesechapter-lengthsections.
CarpeDiem(及时行乐)Apoemadvisingsomeoneto“seizetheday”or“seizethehour”.Usuallythegenreisaddressedbyamantoayoungwomanwhoisurgedtostopprevaricatinginsexualoremotionalmatters.
Catachresis(词语误用)Amisuseofwords,i.e.touseawordviolatingitsnormalorpropersense.Thiscanbeanerror,aswhenstudentsconfuse“Hippocratic”and“hypocritical”,butinliterarylanguageitcanbeintentionaltoattainapowerfuleffect.
Catalectic(最后的音步中缺失音节的诗行)Acatalecticlineomitsthefinalunaccentedsyllableorsyllablesofthemeter.
Cavalierpoets(骑士诗人)EnglishlyricpoetsduringthereignofCharlesI.RichardLovelace,SirJohnSuckling,ThomasCarew,EdmundWallerandRobertHerrickaretherepresentativesofthisgroup.Cavalierpoetryismostlyconcernedwithlove,andemploysavarietyoflyricforms.
Chiasmus(交错配列)Arhetoricalfigurewithtwosyntacticallyparallelconstructions,oneofwhichhasthewordorderreversed.
Closedcouplet(闭合式双偶)Anend-stopped,rhymedcoupletthatcontainsacompletethought.SuchcoupletswereusualwaysofclosingandresumingRenaissancesonnets,althoughtheyarefoundelsewhereaswell.
Cockneyschoolofpoetry(伦敦佬诗派)AderisivetermforcertainLondon-basedwriters,includingLeighHunt,PercyByssheShelley,WilliamHazlittandJohnKeats.ThistermwasinventedbytheScottishjournalistJohnGibsonLockhartinananonymousseriesofarticleonTheCockneySchoolofPoetry,inwhichhemockedthesupposedstylisticvulgarityofthesewriters.
Complaint(怨诗)Apoeticgenreinwhichthepoetcomplains,oftenabouthisbeloved.GeofferyChaucer’sComplainttoHisPurse,EdwardYoung’sTheComplaint,orNightThoughtsareexamples.
Conceit(奇思妙喻)Originallyitmeantsimplyathoughtoranopinion.Thetermcametobeusedinaderogatorywaytodescribeaparticularkindoffar-fetchedmetaphoricalassociation.Ithasnowlostthispejorativeovertoneandsimplydenotesaspecialsortoffigurativedevice.Thedistinguishingqualityofaconceitisthatitshouldforgeanunexpectedcomparisonbetweentwoapparentlydissimilarthingsorideas.TheclassicexampleisJohnDonne’sTheFleaandAValediction:
ForbiddingMourning.
Confessionalpoetry(自白诗)Akindofpoetryoriginatinginthelate1950sand1960sintheworkofseveralAmericanpoetswhorejectedtheideathatpoetryshouldbeimpersonal,aviewthathaddominatedthepoeticworldsinceT.S.Eliotonthesubject,reinforcedbytheattitudesoftheNewClassicism.ThepoetryofTheodoreRoethke,oftendescribingeventsfromhisownchildhood,wasanimportantinfluenceinestablishingtheconfessionaltrend.ThenotablerepresentativesareRobertLowell,JohnBerryman,SylviaPlathandAnneSexton.Lowell’sLifeStudieswastherealinstigatorofthismovement.
Consonance(子韵)Repetitionofconsonantalsoundstomakeapattern,usuallyinverse.
Continuousform(连续式)Aformofapoeminwhichthelinesfolloweachotherwithoutformalgrouping,theonlybreaksbeingdictatedbyunitsofmeaning.
Couplet(双偶)Apairoflinesofverse,usuallyrhymedandofthesamenumberoffeet.
Dactyl(扬抑抑格)Ametricalfootofonestrongstressfollowedbytwoweakones.
Diction(措辞)Thechoiceofwordsinaworkofliterature;thekindofvocabularyused.
Didacticpoetry(说教诗)Poetrydesignedtoteachorpreachasaprimarypurpose.
Dimeter(二音步诗行)Ametricallineconsistingoftwofeet.
Dirge(挽歌)Anysongofmourning,shorterandlessformalthananelegy.Shakespeare’sFullFathomFiveinTheTempestisafamousexample.
Dissonance(不协和音)Theuseofdiscordantsoundseithertocreateanunpleasanteffectortocreateaninterestingvariationfromwhatisrhythmicallyexpected.
Dithyramb(酒神颂歌)AGreekchorichymninhonourofDionysus.Ingeneral“dithyrambic”isappliedtoawildlyenthusiasticsongorchant.
Dupl
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