应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译.docx

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译.docx

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应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版（课后答案和课文翻译）

Unit1TheRootsofChemistry

I.Comprehension.

1.C2.B3.D4.C5.B

II.Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.

1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompoundisusuallyamatterofconsiderabledifficulty,anditisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose.

2.Scienceisanever-increasingbodyofaccumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalsoanactivitybywhichknowledgeisgenerated.

3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry,infact,asmallexampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet.

4.Peoplearemadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeoplearerathersimplewhereasothersarehighlycomplex.

5.Chemistryiseverpresentinourlivesfrombirthtodeathbecausewithoutchemistrythereisneitherlifenordeath.

6.Mathematicsappearstobealmostashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhumanlife,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyawareofthis.

III.Translation.

1.（a）chemicalprocess（b）naturalscience（c）thetechniqueofdistillation

2.Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike/andsoon/andsoforth/andotherwise.

3.Chemistryhasaverylonghistory,infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.

4.Accordingto/Fromtheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/changeintogasesundercertainconditions/circumstance/environment.

5.Youmustknowthepropertiesofthematerialbeforeyouuseit.

IV.Translation

化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。

自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。

人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。

这三步是：

（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。

V.Solution:

（1）Therelativemassof1Hand12Catomscanbecalculatedfromtheirabsolutemassesingrams.

Ifthemassofa12Catomisexactly12amu,thenthemassofa1Hatomtofivesignificantfiguresmustbe1.0078amu.

12amux0.083986=1.0078amu

（2）

Firstwecalculatekandthenusethefirst-orderrateequation.

Thebonewastossedaway（moreprecisely,theanimalwhosebonewasdied）about6100yearsago,orabout4100B.C.Wecanthusbesurethatavillagewasinexistenceatthatplaceatthattime.

Unit7TheNomenclatureofInorganicSubstances

I.Comprehension

1.A2.B3.C4.C5.B

II.Givethesystematicnameforthefollowing

ammoniumion;copper（

）ion;strontiumion;

Ccopper（

）ion;iron（

）ion;zincion;

hydrogenion;lead（（

）ion;aluminum;

silverion;magnesiumion;chromium（

）ion;

Barium;Manganese（

）ion;iron（

）ion;

calciumion;mercury（

）ion;

chromium（

）ion;tin（

）ion.

carbonmonoxide;ditrogentrioxide;

carbondioxide;diphosphoruspentoxide;

sulfurtrioxide;dichlorineheptoxide

arsenateion;sulfiteion;hydrideion;

arseniteion;bromideion;hydroxideion;

phosphateion;chlorateion;hypochloriteion;

phosphateion;chlorideion;iodateion;

carbonateion;chloriteion;nitrateion;

chromateion;cyanideion;iodideion;

dichromateion;fluorideion;nitrateion;

oxideion;hydrogencarbonateion;nitriteion;

sulfideion;hydrogensulfateion;perchlorateion;

sulfateion;hydrogensulfiteion;permanganateion.

III.Completethetable.

Formula

Oldname

Systematicname

FeO

iron（

）oxide

Fe2O3

iron（

）oxide

Sn（OH）2

tin（

）hydroxide

Sn（OH）4

tin（

）hydroxide

Hg2SO4

mercury（

）sulfate

HgSO4

mercury（

）sulfate

NaCLO

sodiumhypochlorite

K2Cr2O7

potassiumdichromate

Cu3（AsO4）2

copper（

）arsenate

Cr（C2H3O2）3

chromium（

）acetate

IV.Acidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromitsacidionbychangingthenameoftheacidion（negativeion）.Usetheruletogivethenameofthefollowingacid.

Formulaofacid

Oldname

Nameofacid

H2CO3

carbonicacid

HClO2

chlorousacid

HClO4

perchloricacid

HCN

hydrocyanicacid

HBr

hydrobromicacid

H4SiO4

silicicacid

H3AsO4

arsenicacid

V.Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordgivenattheendofthesentence.

1.isaltered;2.Toillustrate3.indicates4.shouldexpect5.wouldcancel

6.arepulled7.dependon8.are;referred9.formed10.havediscussed

VI.Translation

1.Mattercanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed/eliminated.

2.Itisnecessarythatascientistmustknowhowtousefingurestogetanaccutateanswertoquestion.

3.Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritissolid,liquidorgas.

4.Theexperimentwassuccessful.It’sresultswasthesameaswhatwehadexpected.

5.Itwillnotbelongbeforewefinishtheexperiment.

VII.Writeequationsforthefollowingacid-basereactions.Usetheinformationininorganictextbooktopredictwhethertheequilibriumwillfavorthereactantsortheproducts.（PartiallySolved）

Solutinto（a）:

CyanideistheconjugatebaseofHCN.Itcanacceptaprotonfromformicacid:

Readingfrominorganictextbook,formicacid（pKa=3.76）isastrongeracidthanHCN（pKa=9.22）,andcyanideisastrongerbasethanformate.Theproducts（weakeracidandbase）arefavored.

…………..

VIII.Writeequationsforthenetreactionswhichoccurwhenthefollowingmaterialsareaddedtoasodium-ammoniasolution.

Answer:

（1）2CH3GeH3+2eam-→H2+2CH3GeH2-

（2）I2+2eam-→2I-

（3）（C2H5）2S+2eam-+NH3→C2H5S-+C2H6+NH2-

Unit10NomenclatureofHydrocarbons

I.Comprehension

1.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.B

II.NamethefollowingcompoundsbytheIUPACsystem

1

CH3（CH2）nCH3（n=2,3,4,6,respectively）

butane,pentane,hexane,octane

2

（CH3）2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

2-methylpentane

3

（CH3）3C-CH2-CH（C2H5）-CH2-CH3

4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane

4

（CH3）2CH-CH2CH2-CH（CH2CH2CH3）-CH（CH3）2

5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane

5

CH3-CH2-CH2-C（CH2CH2CH3）2-CH（CH3）2

4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane

6

◇-CH2-CH（CH3）2

isobutylcyclobutane

7

CH2=C（C2H5）（CH（CH3）2）

2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene

8

CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3

2-chloro-3-hexene

9

CH3-CH（CH3）-CH（C2H5）-C≡C-CH3

4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne

10

CH2=CH-C≡CH

1-buten-3-yne

11

（CH3）2CH-CH2CH（OH）CH3

4-methyl-2-pentanol

12

CH3CH2CH=CHCH（OH）CH3

3-hexen-2-ol

13

（CH3）3C-OH

2-methyl-2-propanol

14

（CH3）3C-OCH2H5

2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane

15

（CH3）2CH-CH2-O-C2H5

1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane

16

（CH2OH）2

1,2-ethanediol

17

CH3-CH（OH）-CH2（OH）

1,2-proanediol

18

CH2（OH）-CH（OH）-CH2（OH）

1,2,3-propanetriol

19

CH3CH2NH2

aminoethane

20

CH3CH2CH2CH（CH3）CH-NH-CH3

N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane

III.Drawstructuresforthefollowingcompounds.

1

3-octene

C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C

2

3-methy-2-heptene

3

cyclohexene

4

2-pentyne

C-C≡C-C-C

5

3,3-dimethylhexyne

6

3-bromotoluene

7

vinylchloride

C=C-Cl

8

acetylene

C≡C

9

para-dichlorobenzene

10

m-chlorobromobenzene

11

toluene

12

chlorobenzene

13

1,2-dibromobenzene

14

naphthalene

15

anthracene

16

phenanthrene

17

2-methyl-1-propanol

18

Cyclohexanol

19

Methoxyethene

20

trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol

IV.Decidewhichitembestcompleteseachunfinishedsentence.

1.A2.A3.B4.C

V.Eachofthefollowingnamesisincorrect.Drawthestructurerepresentedbytheincorrectname（oraconsistentstructureifthenameisambiguous）,andgiveyourdrawingthecorrectname.

（…………）

Unit11CarboxylicAcidsandTheirDerivatives

I.Comprehension

1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.C

II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.

1.broughtout2.dozenorso;puttogether3.aremadeof;dividedby4.aredifferentfrom5.onthecontrary;consistof6.summedup7.standfor8.suchas9.are;dependenton10.breakdowninto

III.Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks.

1.with;as2.to3.about4.from5.into

IV.Translation

1.Similarly,solventalsomaynotbeliquidmatterbuttheothers

2.Agraphplottingsolubilityagainsttemperatureiscalledasolubilitycurve.

（Thecurveplotdrawn（made/produced）bysolubilityasonecoordinateandtemperatureasanothercoordinateiscalledsolubilitycurve.）

3.Airismixtureofgases,themostabundantofwhichisnitrogenintheformofN2（molecules）.

4.Thedirectionofthereactionandthepositionoftheequilibriummayalsobeaffectedbythetemperature,pressure,andotherconditions.

5.Hydrogenhasagreataffinityforoxygenandeasilycombineswithittoformwater.

V.Translation

玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。

实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。

因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。

Unit13UltravioletandVisibleMolecularSpectroscopy

I.Comprehension

1.C2.D3.D4.D5.B

II.Fillintheblanks

of;as;in;out;In;for;for;of;in;then;to;for;since（for）;into.

III.Filltheblankineachsentencewithanappropriatephraseinitsproperform.

1.accountfor2.takepartin3.thinkof….as4.Ascomparedwith

5.isattachedto6.onthecontrary7.Asinthecaseof8.incontrastwithasagainst9.owingto10.Exceptfor.

Unit17Crystallisation

I.Comprehension

1.D2.A3.A4.D5.A

II.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow.

Stage;interna;symmetrical;basis;physical;Furthermore;composed;responsible;reasonable;overall.

III.Choosetheitemfrom

（1）~（6）thatbestmatchestheitemin（a）~（f）tomakeacorrectsentence.

1~a;2~b;3~c;4~d;5~e;6~f

.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese

共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；

十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。

Uint18Distillation

I.Comprehension

1.B2.D3.A4.A

II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.

1.Inorderto2.inrelationto3.inthecaseof4.intheend

5.inanumberof6.leadto7.amessyway

掌握以下词汇:

flashdistillation闪蒸;exitstream出流;equilibriumcurve平衡曲线;weir堰;

redistillation重蒸;apparatus设备;overheadproduct塔顶产物;enthalpy焓;intersection交点;auxiliary辅助装置;rectifying