建筑生命周期外文翻译the life cycle of building.docx
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建筑生命周期外文翻译the life cycle of building.docx
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建筑生命周期外文翻译thelifecycleofbuilding
外文文献:
THELIFECYCLEOFBUILDING
ABSTRACT
SustainableBuildingisaglobalissue.Thelifecycleofbuildinginfluencesthelifecyclesof
thewholeplanetdramatically.
SomeofthemethodsconcerningEnvironmentally-SoundandHealthyBuilding,developedandusedinTheNetherlandswillbepresentedanddiscussedintheperspectiveofworldwideeffects.Awarenessaboutanddevelopmentofthosemethodsandapproachesareactuallyyetnotattheirend.
ThescientificandtechnicalcomplexityofthethemeandthefactthattheobjectivesareitemsofcommercialandpoliticalinterestsmakeSustainableBuildingadelicateproblem.
However,afterhavingseenhowcomplicateditistocontributetoaSustainableDevelopmentsubstantially,wewillconcludewithsomeRulesofThumbandInnovativeproposals,inordertostimulatemoresignificantcontributionsinthefuture.
INTRODUCTION
KnowledgeonSustainableBuildingwasanitemofhighestimportancealreadyinthebeginofhumancultureandcivilisation.Lookingback,inhistory,wefindthatSustainableBuildingwasaquestionofsurvival.Protectionagainstweathercircumstances,dangerousanimalsandhostilefellowmenbelong(ed)tothemainfunctionsofabuilding.Inordertofulfilthesedemandsitwasnecessarytofindanequilibriumbetweentheenvironmentallyorecologicallybasedpossibilitiesofresourcesandtheirlimitsandtheneedsandwishesforadurablehome.Besidethisitwasdeterminingforabuiltresult,whichandhowmuchcapacitiesfortherealisationwereavailable.Energyforbuildingpurposeswasmainlygivenbyhumanpower,andforapartbytheuseofanimalsandmoreindirectlysometimesbyfireorwind.Butfirewasdependentfromfuel.Similarlytherewasonlybuildingmaterialathand,whichcouldbefoundneartothesite,becauseitwasgenerallytoocostly,nearlyimpossible,totransportmainmaterialsfromasourcefaraway.
Whenhumankindstartedtoexploitorproduce('hard)energyonalargescale-atleastapart,inthesocalledWest-bysteam,electricityfromfuelslikecoal,mineraloil,gas,hydropowerandfinallynuclearpower,thesceneofbuildingchangeddramatically,certainlyintherichcountries,whichusedandstillusetoexploitothers.
Inspiteofpollution,deteriorationandexploitation-thesephenomenaevenmostlyfullyignored-thesocalledindustrialrevolutionstarted.Independentfromavitalneed,massproductionfirstlyofallkindsofgoodsandlaterofmoreandmorebuildingproductsstarted.Withtheeconomicalinterestandpoweritwaspossibletocreatemarketsandtosellthemassproducts,eventofarawaylocatedconsumers,whiletherelativeeasynewtransportationlinesoftrainandshipandlateroftruckandairplane,helpedandhelpstilltobringorcatchrawmaterialsfromfaraway.RegionalbuildingdisappearedinbigpartsoftheworldandwithanInternationalArchitectureitwasevenpostulated,thateverythingcouldbethesameeverywhere.
Inthelastdecadesweslowlyrecognizedtheterribleeffectsofthiswaytobuildinourenvironmentaswellasonourselves.Themondialdisastermightbe,forapproximatelyathird,theeffectofthebuildingactivities,whiletheSickBuildingSyndromeisfullycreatedbytherecentandnowadayswaytobuildandtodwell.Atthesametimeweshouldbeawarethattherichappearing,technologicaladvancedcountries,whichareapproximately20%ofthewholehumankind,caneffortthis'style'onlybyexploitingthe+80%ofhumankind,whicharecalledthePoor,underwhomapopulationofabout20%hardlycansurvive.
ItseemsextraordinarydifficulttoincreasetheawarenessofthefirstWorldconcerningtheserelationswithinourmondialsociety.Butevenmoredifficultitistotransformourbehaviourtowardsmorebalancedcircumstancesintheworld.Thiscontributionaimstohelp,modestly,tosupportastrategytogetherwiththenecessary'knowhow'towardsSustainableBuildingasanessentialpartofSustainableDevelopment.
Theentirebuildingprocess–fromcradletograveorevenfromcradletocradle–inits
relationtotheenvironmentintermsofenergyuseandemissionbetweendigging(input)
outoftheenvironmentandbringingback(output)intotheenvironment.
Onthewayofthislifecyclewefaceexploitation,pollutionanddeteriorationofthe
environment.Partialreuseisalwaysgood,butitisonlyaverylowcompensationforthe
damages,whichthewholeprocesscauses.
LIFECYCLE
Lookingmorecarefully(thanusual)totheLifeCycleofmaterialsandproducts(andsimilarlyalsototheflowofenergy),appliedforallkindsofpurposes,includingbuilding,itisusefultodistinguishintherelationshipofthechangesamaterial(oranenergy)undergoeswithspaceandtime.Doingso,wesystematicallycanfocusonthevariousimpactswhichthechainofcausesandeffectsofthelifecycleofamaterialhas,indifferentscalesandonshort,middle,andlongterm.
Beforeandafterthefinalapplicationanddestinationofamaterial,asacomponentinabuilding,whileitisused-theactualgoalofabuildingmaterial-wecandistinguishanumberofcharacteristicactivities.Thereareroughlythefollowingactivities:
Beforethephaseofusingamaterialitfirstlyhastobediggedor'harvested'outoftheenvironment.
Secondlythebuildingmaterialhastobemadeoutorproducedfromtherawmaterial.
Thirdlyandmostlythereisacertainassemblageneededinordertogetausefulbuildingcomponent.Inbetweenthesemainactivities,transportandstorageisneededveryoften.
Alloftheseactsneedenergyandthereishardlyoneofthemwhichdoesnotcreateemissions.
Tomakeabuildinguseful,itneedsthefinishingtouchtogetherwiththeintegrationofallequipmentandfurniture,whichwillgoonduringtheuseofthebuildingtogetherwithcleaning,caretakingandexploitingthebuilding.Heatingand/orcoolingandlightingareconditionalinthisperiodaswell.Again,allofthesehandlingsneedenergyandthereishardlyoneofthem,whichdoesnotpollutetheenvironment.
Afterandpartiallyalreadyduringthephaseofuse,itwillappear,thatchanges,or,atleaststrong,maintenanceisneeded.Partialdemolitionwillbeoneoftheconsequences,thanpartialorfullrenewalorrefurbishmentcantakeplace.Althoughthereisaresource-savingpossibilityofreuseofvariousgradationswithmoreorlessmanipulations,neededforafinalproperreuse-again'wecansingtherefrainoftheneedofenergyandemission'.
Finally,everything,includingtheenergyflow,endsupintheenvironment.Butontheway,unfortunately,thehandlingmostlywasexecutedwithoutconsiderationfortheavailabilityofresourcesonlongterm,inotherwordsexploitation,withoutconsiderationforpollutioneitheroftheenvironmentand/orconcernedandcommittedpersonsandpeople.Alreadynowadayswegottheproof,thatmanyofthenegativeeffectswilllastforalongandverylongtime.
Werecognizethewholelifecycleasanextraordinaryplotontheenvironment,and,paradoxicalenough,veryoftenalsoasaplotagainstourownhealthandsafety,certainlyonalongterm.
IfwewouldliketoreachaSustainableDevelopmentwehavetoreducetheconsumptiongenerally,wehavetoreducetheconsumptionofenergy,directlyandindirectlyused,andwehavetominimizeoreventoexcludethepollution.Concerningdeteriorationofthelandscapeandexploitationofresourcesweearnestlyhavetosearchforrenewablesources,whichsapplicationsleadonlytoashortlastingdeterioration.
EFFECTS
Theeffectsofbuildingactivitiesaremanifold.Intheformerchapterwespentattentiontothelifecycleofa(building)material,mainlyintermsofphasesorperiods,shortlyintermsoftime.Concerningspaceitispossibletodistinguishanumberofdimensionsorscales,inordertobeabletospecifyeffectsinthisfield(s).Thereisapracticalorderwiththedimensionof:
-Local-Regional-Fluvial-Continental-Mondial,andeven-Cosmic-withreferencetothefact,thattheproductionandtrafficprocesses,shippingandspaceexploration.
Thussixdimensions.
Theareaswhich(can)undergoanimpactandinfluencecanbedistinguishedinto:
-Earth(theground,includingtheMineralKingdom)-Water(allkindsofrivers,lakes,seas,..)-Air(theatmosphere)-Energy(mainlytheenergysources),furthermorethePlantsKingdom-theAnimalKingdom-Humans(tobeunderstoodalsoasapartofnature)withtheir(valuable)CulturalArtefactsandpossiblymiscellaneous,Nineareasintotal.
Theseareas,justexplained,canbefoundonlocal,regional,fluvial,continentalandmondialscale.Thismeans,thatanimpactorinfluence,causedbyaproductionprocessortheuseofbuildingcanaffectoreffecttheseareaslocally,fluvially,continentally,mondiallyorevencosmically.Thussixdimension.
Besidethis,itisnecessarytorealise,thattheeffectscancomefromthevariousactivities,connectedtothewholelifecycleofabuildingmaterialorproductandtheconcernedprocesses.Wedistinguishednineofthoseactivities.Threebefore,threeduringandthreeaftertheuseofabuilding,ninetogether.
Thepossibleeffectsareinnumerable.SickBuildingSyndromeontheonehand,pollution,deteriorationandexploitationontheotherhand,areonlyrathersummarizingeffects.
Thereportsonbaseofmeasurementsandenquiriesconcerningbuildingrelatedillnesses,human-andecotoxicologicalproblems,amongstothersinthefoodchainsofanimalsandmen,changesoflandscapesandendingresources,besidetheelianatedanddecreasingculturalvalues,goesalreadyinthetens,hundreds,thousand
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