Environments已发表.docx
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Environments已发表.docx
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Environments已发表
Environments2015,2,1-xmanuscripts;doi:
10.3390/environments20x000x
OPENACCESS
environments
ISSN2076-3298
Article
EcologicalFootprintofBiologicalResourceConsumption
inaTypicalAreaoftheGrainforGreenProjectinNorthwesternChina
JieHu1,2,LinZhen1,*,Chuan-ZhunSun1,2,Bing-ZhenDu3andChaoWang1,2
1InstituteofGeographicSciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch,ChineseAcademyofSciences,11A,DatunRoad,ChaoyangDistrict,Beijing100101,China;
2UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences;No.19A,YuquanRoad,Beijing100049,China;
E-Mails:
hujie0214@(J.H.);suncz.11b@(C.Z.S.);wangc.12b@(C.W.)
3WageningenUR,P.O.Box9101,6700HBWageningen,TheNetherlands;
E-Mail:
dubingzhen@(B.Z.D.)
*Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed;E-Mail:
zhenl@;
Tel.:
+1-343-692-5423.
Received:
25August2014/Accepted:
5January2015/Published:
Abstract:
FollowingtheimplementationoftheGrainforGreenProjectin2000inGuyuan,China,thedecreaseincultivatedlandandsubsequentincreaseinforestandgrasslandposesubstantialchallengesforthesupplyofbiologicalproducts.Whetherthecurrentbiologicallyproductiveland-usepatternsinGuyuansatisfythebiologicalproductrequirementsforlocalpeopleisanurgentproblem.Inthisstudy,theecologicalfootprintsofbiologicalresourceconsumptioninGuyuanwerecalculatedandanalyzedbasedonthe‘CityHectare’EcologicalFootprint(EF)Method.TheEFsofdifferenttypesofbiologicalresourceproductsconsumedfromdifferenttypesofbiologicallyproductivelandwerethenanalyzed.Inaddition,theEFsofvariousbiologicalresourceproductsbeforeandaftertheimplementationoftheGrainforGreenProject(1998and2012)wereassessed.TheactualEFandbio-capacity(BC)werecompared,anddifferencesintheEFandBCfordifferenttypesofbiologicallyproductivelandsbeforeandaftertheprojectwereanalyzed.TheresultsshowedthattheEFofGuyuan’sbiologicalresourceproductswas0.65867ha/cap,withanEFoutflowandEFinflowof0.2280ha/capand0.0959ha/cap,respectively.ThepercapitaEFofGuyuansignificantlydecreasedaftertheproject,asdidtheecologicaldeficit.Whereasthecultivatedlandshowedadeficit,grasslandswerecharacterizedbyecologicalsurplus.ThetotalEFoflivingresourceconsumptioninGuyuanwas812,175ha,andthetotalBCwas768,065ha.Inadditionaltocurrentbiologicalproductionareas,approximately44,110hawillbeneededtosatisfythedemandsofGuyuan’speople.Cultivatedlandisthemaintypeofbiologicallyproductivelandthatisneeded.
Keywords:
biologicalresourceconsumption;EcologicalFootprint(EF);bio-capacity(BC);theGrainforGreenProject;GuyuanCity
1.Introduction
WiththerapidindustrializationandpopulationgrowthofChina,themosturgentenvironmentalproblemsarisefromincreasingvolumesofnationwideproduction,consumption,andtheassociateduseofnaturalresources.TheEcologicalFootprint(EF),aquantitativemeasureofhumanutilizationofnaturalresources,isafunctionofpopulationandthepercapitaconsumptionofbiologicallyproductivelandarea.ComparingtheEFwiththeareaofbiologicallyproductivelandcanhelpdeterminethelevelofsustainabledevelopmentofacountryorregion[1–4]andcontributetoareasonableandeffectivemodelforthesustainableutilizationofhumanresourceswhilemeetinglivingrequirements.SinceReesandWackernagelintroducedtheconceptofEFanditsspecificcalculationmethods,thetheoryandmethodsofEFhavebeenappliedatmanydifferentscales,suchascountries,regionsandcities[5–11].However,mostresearchershaveonlyaccountedforatotalpopulationofanationorlocalcity’sEFatthemacro-scaleandcompareddifferentregions;relativelylessconsiderationofEFconsumptionhasbeengiventoresourcesatthemicro-scale(cityorcounty).Collinsetal.analyzedEFinthecapitalcityofWales,Cardiff,forexample,toexaminetheenvironmentalimpactsofresourceconsumptionatasubnationallevelandfordifferentsocioeconomicgroups,andtheresultsshowedthatlifestylesandconsumptiondecisionsinlargepartimpactedtheEF[12].Scottietal.modifiedtheEFcalculationschemetodiscusssustainabilityinthemunicipalityofPiacenza(northernItaly)accordingtodifferentaspectsoflocalactivities,suchasindustry,agriculture,tertiarysectors,andothers[6].Kissingeretal.useddataregularlycollectedfromseveralcitiesasaproxyformaterialconsumptiontoanalyzeurbanecologicalfootprints[13].Zhangetal.presentedthe‘cityhectare’EFaccountingmethod,basedontheEFbasictheoryappliedinglobalhectaremodels,andcalculatedtheecologicalfootprintofonecounty[14].MostpreviousstudiesmainlycalculatedandanalyzedtheEFofthebiologicalresourcesandenergyatthemicro-scale;fewerhavestudiedtheEFsofbiologicalresourcesorenergyseparatelytoclarifythestructureofEFconsumption.Thusfar,researchontheEFsoftheconsumptionofbiologicalresourcesinChinaisrare,exceptforstudiesbyHuetal.andHeetal.whoinvestigatedtheEFsofbiologicalresourceswithinacitycircle[15,16].
Thedefinitionofbiologicalresources(bio-resources)isthesumofalllivingorganismsusedbyhumans,whichusuallyreferstoplants,animals,andmicroorganisms[17].ThebiologicalresourceconsumptionofGuyuanmainlyincludesthefollowingcategoriesofagriculturalproducts:
(1)foodandcookingoil;
(2)vegetables;(3)meatandeggs;(4)aquaticproducts;(5)fruit;and(6)firewood.
Inaddition,cultivatedland,grass,forest,andwaterbodiesarethefourmajortypesofbio-resourceproductionlands.DeterminingtheEFsofGuyuan’sbiologicalresourceconsumptionhasimportantpracticalsignificanceforlandclearingandenhancingthemanagementandutilizationofbiologicalresources.
ThefirstsystematicattemptstocalculatetheEFandbio-capacity(BC)ofnationsbeganin1997[1].Buildingontheseassessments,theGlobalFootprintNetworkinitiateditsNationalFootprintAccounts(NFA)program[18],whosemethodologyhasbeencontinuallyevolvingasresearchershaveattemptedtoimproveit.Acomponentapproach,aninput-outputmethod,andanenergymethodhaveallbeenproposed[13,19–24].TheNFAandenergymethodaremostcommonlyused.TheenergyEFmethodtransformsagivenenergysource;suchsourcesareusuallyofdifferentcategoriesandaredifficulttodirectlyconvertintoaunifiedsolarvalue.However,thismethodcannotreflecttheactuallevelofproductivityandefficiencyofresourceuseunderspatialandtemporalconditions.Inaddition,becausethemethodalsoconsidersthebio-capacityofallland,itisunabletodistinguishthecarryingcapacityofdifferentlandtypes[25–27].TheNFAmeasureisbasedontheassumptionthattheEarth’sregenerativecapacityisthelimitingfactorforthehumaneconomyintimeswhenhumandemandexceedsthebiosphere’sabilitytoreplaceresources.TheNFAusestheworldaverageproductivityandthecorresponding‘equivalencefactor’and‘yieldfactor,’whichareusedtoscalethecontributionofeachsinglelandusetypesothatvaluescanbesummedtocalculatetheEFs[5–11].Thisapproachusesaglobalresearchscale,butitissuitableforapplicationatthenationallevel.Forsmallerscales(e.g.,provinces,cities,andcounties),theNFAcannotaccuratelyreflecttheactualproductivityandregionalcharacteristicsofdevelopment[28,29].Inthispaper,weattemptedtousetheregional(provinceorcity)averageproductivityandthecorresponding‘equivalencefactor’and‘yieldfactor’tocalculatetheregional(cityorcounty)footprint[14].Thisestimatecanmoreaccuratelyreflecttheregionalendowmentandresourceutilization.Inaddition,itisusefultocomparetheEFsandBCofdifferentlandtypesattheregionalscale,whichmoretrulyreflectstheutilizationofdifferentbiologicallyproductivelandtypes.
SincetheimplementationoftheGrainforGreenProjectin2000inGuyuan,largeareasofforestandgrassvegetationhavebeenrestoredandtheecologicalenvironmenthasbeenmarkedlyimproved[30].However,thelandusestructurehasundergonetremendouschangesinthearea,andcultivatedlandhasdecreasedwhileforestandgrasslandincreased.In2004,thelandrequirementofgrainsconsumption(percapita)inGuyuanwas1041m2;thetotalofpotato,vegetable,andfruitconsumptionaccountedfor203.9m2,andplantoilconsumptionaccountedfor159.2m2.Thelandrequirementforthesethreetypesoffoodconsumptionaccountedforapproximately92.4%ofthetotallandrequirementpercapita,inwhichgrain,asthelargestcategoryoffoodconsumption,hadthelargestlandrequirement.Thus,arablelandwasthemainlandrequirementtypeforfoodproduction[31].ThedecreaseincultivatedlandundertheGrainforGreenProjecthasposedsubstantialchallengesforGuyuan’sfoodsecurity.WhetherthecurrentlandusestructureandareaofbiologicalproductioncansatisfythelandrequirementsofGuyuanhasbecomeanurgentissuethatmustbeaddressed.
Theobjectivesofthisstudieswere
(1)toestimate,basedontheEFmethodusinglocalequivalenceandyieldfactors,theEFsofbiologicalresourceconsumptionfromthecurrentproduction(localproduction),salesofproducts(outflow),andpurchasedproducts(inflow)inGuyuan;
(2)toassesstheEFsofvariousbiologicalproductsbeforeandaftertheGrainforGreenProject;and(3)tocomparethefinalactualEFsandbio-capacity(BC)andanalyzethedifferencesintheEFsandBCindifferentbiologicallyproductivelandsbeforea
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