英国文学选读一复习重点.docx
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英国文学选读一复习重点.docx
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英国文学选读一复习重点
1.GeorgeMeredith
●anEnglishnovelistandpoet.
●Oneoftheforerunnersofthecontemporarynovels.
●Hiswritingwascharacterizedbyafascinationwithimageryandindirectreferences
●ModernLove《现代爱情》oneofthefirstpsychologicalpoems.
●EssayonComedy《喜剧的观念及其精神的效用》akeenunderstandingofcomedy
●DianaoftheCrossways克劳斯威的黛安娜
●TheOrdealofRichardFeverel《理查·弗维莱尔的苦难》
TheEgoist《利己主义者》
●tragicomicalnovelrealistnovel
●thenovelpresentsanironicsubversionoftexts(文本的颠覆)thathadshapedthepatternofVictorianfemininity(柔弱性)
●thedifficultyOfbeingawomaninVictorianera
●theturningpointinGeorgeMeredith‘scareer
TheVictorianera
TheVictorianeraoftheUnitedKingdomreferstoQueenVictoria'srulewhichbeganinJune1837andconcludedinJanuary1901.UndertheruleofQueenVictoria,theBritishpeopleenjoyedalongperiodofprosperity.ProfitsgainedfromtheoverseasBritishEmpire,aswellasfromindustrialimprovementsathome,allowedalarge,educatedmiddleclasstodevelop.
Satire
Satireisoftenstrictlydefinedasaliterarygenreorform;Insatire,humanorindividualvices,follies(罪恶),abuses(陋习),orshortcomingsaregatheredtogetherbymeansofridicule,derision(嘲弄),irony,orothermethods,ideallywiththeintenttobringaboutimprovement.Althoughsatireisusuallymeanttobefunny,thepurposeofsatireisnotprimarilyhumorinitselfsomuchasanattackonsomethingofwhichtheauthorstronglydisapproves,usingtheweaponofwit.Acommon,almostdefiningfeatureofsatireisitsstrongveinofirony(反语)orsarcasm(挖苦,讽刺).
Tragicomicalnovel
Tragicomicalnovelisfictionalworkthatblendaspectsofthegenresoftragedyandcomedy.InEnglishliterature,fromShakespeare'stimetothenineteenthcentury,tragicomedyreferstoaseriousplaywithahappyending).
Realism
Realismisanaestheticmodewhichbrokewiththeclassicaldemandsofarttoshowlifeasitshouldbeinordertoshowlife“asitis.”Theworkofrealistarttendstoavoidtheelevated(崇高的)subjectmatteroftragedyinfavouroftheordinary,theaverage,thecommonplace,themiddleclassesandtheirdailystruggleswiththemeanverities(一般的事实)ofeverydayexistence——thesearethetypicalsubjectmattersofrealism. (平常人的平常生活)。
Therealismnovel
Therealismnovelfirstdevelopedinthe19thcenturyandistheformweassociatewiththeworkofwriterssuchasAusten,Balzac,GeorgeEliotandTolstoy.AccordingtoBarthes,thenarrativeorplotofarealistnovelisstructuredaroundanopeningenigma难解之事whichthrowstheconventionalculturalandpracticesintoconfusion.Therealistnoveldrivestowardthefinalre-establishmentofharmonyandthusre-assuresthereaderthatthevaluesystemofsignsandculturalpracticeswhichheorsheshareswiththeauthorisnotindanger.
Thepoliticalaffiliation(政治关联明显)oftherealistnovelisthusevident;intryingtoshowustheworldasitis(真实的世界),itoftenreaffirms,inthelastinstance,thewaythingsare(事物的本真).现实主义文艺的基本创作方法之一,侧重如实地反映现实生活,客观性较强。
它提倡客观地、冷静地观察现实生活,按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写,力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。
2.ThomasHardy
●anEnglishnovelist,shortstorywriter,andpoetofthenaturalistmovement/describecharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassionsandcircumstances
●UndertheGreenwoodTree绿荫下
●FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣
●TheReturnoftheNative还乡
●TheMayorofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长
●TessoftheD'Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝
●JudetheObscure无名的裘德
●WessexPoems威塞克斯诗集
●Fateplaysabigroleasthethematicbasisformanyofhisnovels.
●Charactersareconstantlyencounteringcrossroads,whicharesymbolicofapointofopportunityandtransition
●Hepaintsavividpictureofrurallifeinthenineteenthcentury
●Hisheroesandheroinesareoftenalienatedfromsocietyandrarelybecomereadmittedintoit.
●Hetendstoemphasisetheimpersonaland,generally,negativepowersoffate
●Hismasteryliesinthecreationofnaturalsurroundings
Tessofthed'Urbervilles:
APureWomanFaithfullyPresented
●Majorcharacters
TessDurbeyfield—Theprotagonist,eldestdaughterinapoorruralworkingfamily;afresh,prettycountrygirl
AngelClare—Thesonofaclergyman;Tess'shusbandandtruelove.Heconsidershimselfafreethinker,buthisnotionsofmoralityturnouttobefairlyconventional:
herejectsTessontheirweddingnightwhensheconfessesthatsheisn'tavirgin,eventhoughhe,too,hasengagedinpremaritalsex.HeworksattheTalbothay'sdairytogainpracticalexperiencebecausehehopestobuyafarmofhisown
AlecStoke-d'Urberville—ThelibertinesonofSimonStokeandMrs.d'Urberville.HeeitherrapesorseducesTesswhensheisnomorethanseventeenyearsold,andlaterpursuesherrelentlesslyuntilsheagreestobecomehismistressagain.
Themes
●acheofmodernism
●Hardydescribesmodernfarmmachinery(农业机械)withinfernal(可恨的)imagery
●Angel‘smiddle-classfastidiousness(严格)makeshimrejectTess,awomanwhomHardyoftenportraysasasortofWessexEve,inharmonywiththenaturalworldandsolovelyanddesirablethatHardyhimselfseemstobeinlovewithher.
●thesexualdoublestandardtowhichTessfallsvictim—despitebeing,inHardy‘sview,atrulygoodwoman,sheisdespised(鄙视)bysocietyafterlosinghervirginitybeforemarriage.HardyplaystheroleofTess’sonlytruefriendandadvocate,pointedlysubtitlingthebook“apurewomanfaithfullypresented”.
Naturalism
Naturalismisamovementintheatre,film,andliteraturethatseekstorepeat/copyabelievableeverydayreality,asopposedtosuchmovementsasRomanticisminwhichsubjectsmayreceivehighlysymbolic,idealistic,orevensupernaturaltreatment.NaturalisticwriterswereinfluencedbytheevolutiontheoryofCharlesDarwin.Theybelievedthatone'sheredityandsocialenvironmentdecideone'scharacter.Naturalisticworksexposedthedarkharshnessoflife,includingpoverty,racism,sex,prejudice,disease,prostitution(堕落),filth(污秽),etc.Theywereoftenverypessimisticandfrequentlycriticizedforbeingtooblunt.Naturalismalsoattemptstodetermine“scientifically”theunderlyingforces(i.e.theenvironmentorheredity)influencingthesesubjects‘actions.Theyarebothopposedtoromanticism,inwhichsubjectsmayreceivehighlysymbolic,idealistic,orevensupernaturaltreatment.Naturalisticworksoftenincludeuncouth(粗野的)subjectmatter
3OscarWilde
●AnIrishplaywright,novelist,poet
●LadyWindermetre’sfan温莎夫人的扇子
●Awomanodnoimportance无足轻重的女人
●Theimportanceofearnest认真的重要性
●ThepictureofDorianGray道林格雷的画像
AnIdealHusband
●comedicstageplay
●Anidealhusband”—amodelspouseinbothprivateandpubliclifethatshecanworship:
hemustremainunimpeachableinallhisdecisions.
Artforart'ssake
ItistheusualEnglishversionofaFrenchslogan,fromtheearly19thcentury,andexpressesaphilosophythattheintrinsicvalue(真实价值)ofart,andtheonly”true“art,isdivorcedfromanydidactic(学究式的),moralorutilitarianfunction.Suchworksaresometimesdescribedas”autotelic“(自己本身具有目的的,艺术创作有其自身的目的),“completeinitself”,aconceptthathasbeenexpandedtoembrace”inner-directed(不随俗的,有主见的)"or"self-motivated"humanbeings.Artshouldbeindependentofallclaptrap(讨好的言语或行为)—shouldstandalone[...]andappealtotheartisticsenseofeyeorear,withoutconfounding(混淆)thiswithemotionsentirelyforeigntoit,asdevotion,pity,love,patriotismandthelike.
theAestheticmovement
TheAestheticMovementisalooselydefinedmovementinliterature,fineart,thedecorativearts,andinterior(内部装饰)designinlaternineteenth-centuryBritain.IttookplaceinthelateVictorianperiodfromaround1868to1901,andisgenerallyconsideredtohaveendedwiththetrialofOscarWilde.Oneofitstenets(信条)beingtomakeanartoflife.
4GeorgeBernardShaw
●anIrishplaywright
●dramadesignedtoheightenawarenessofsomeimportantsocialissue
●FabianSociety.ItisaBritishintellectualsocialistmovement,whosepurposeistoadvancetheprinciplesofSocialdemocracyviagradualistandreformist,ratherthanrevolutionarymeans.
●NobelPrizeforLiterature(1925)andanOscar(1938).
●TheBlackGirlinSearchofGodandSomeLesserTales
●PlaysUnpleasantwereintended,toraiseawarenessofsocialproblemsandtocensure(责难)exploitationofthelaboringclassbytheunproductiverich.Widowers'Houses(1892)《鳏夫的房产》ThePhilanderer(1898)花花公子MrsWarren'sProfession《华伦夫人的职业》
●TheDevil'sDisciple(1897)魔鬼的门徒
●CaesarandCleopatra(1898)凯撒和克娄巴特拉
●CaptainBrassbound'sConversion(1899)卡希尔·拜伦的职业
●SaintJoan圣女贞德
●Quintessence(精粹)ofIbsenism
Widowers'Houses
●dealswithproblemsofeconomicexploitationandmiddle-classhypocrisy
5JosephConrad
●oneofthegreatestnovelistsintheEnglishlanguage
●recognizedasamasterprosestylist(散文体大师).
●animportantforerunnerofmodernistliterature
●TheNiggerofthe'Narcissus‘水仙号上的黑家伙
●HeartofDarkness黑暗的心
●Youth
●AmyFoster
AnOutpostofProgress进步的前哨
●Characters
KayertsandCarlier:
incompetent,unprepared,dependentoncivilization;identifywithimperialistideology;unabletothinkforthemselves.
Makola:
insistsonhisrealnametobeHenryPrice,evenifhecomesfromSierraLeone(塞拉利昂);speaksEnglishandFrench;takesovervaluesofcolonizers,butdoesnotgopasttheirethicalvalues(道德观)andmorals;"Civilizedsavage";carefulofhisappearance;hastraditionalbelief
●Analysis
symboliclevel:
ItfocusesonthecolonialsituationinAfricatowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturyandchallengesreaderstoexaminetheethicalquestions(伦理问题的思考)raisedbythepolicyofcolonialism.
ironic:
thetitleOutpostofProgressisironic,forthetwowhitemenarelazyandincomp
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