新主旨大意.docx
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新主旨大意.docx
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新主旨大意
阅读技巧指导
一、解题密招
(一)三种阅读方法
灵活运用以下三种有效的阅读方法,可以大大提高阅读速度和解题速度。
1、略读(skimming):
就是以尽快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的标题、起始段、每段的首尾句、以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语等重要部分,以了解文章的大意或主题思想。
2、查读(scanning):
也叫寻读,就是带着问题去快速阅读,以求在短时间内准确地寻找到我们所需要的信息。
3、研读(studyreading):
就是通过略读了解文章主旨和通过查读找到了相关的范围之后,在相关范围内逐句、逐词地阅读,不仅要理解其字面意思,而且要通过分析、综合、比较、联想等思维方法,并结合自己已有的知识和经验进行推理、判断,来理解文章的深层含义,以及作者的立场、观点、态度或意图等。
(二)五步解题方法
对于解题的顺序,有的人喜欢先阅读再看题,有的人喜欢先看题再阅读,这要因人而异,本无优劣之分,根据你的习惯来定。
推荐以下步骤:
(1)用略读法了解文章大意及各段的大意。
(2)阅读题干及各个选项,了解考查的内容。
(3)带着问题用查读法到文中找到相关句段。
(4)用研读法理解相关句段,筛选答案。
(5)综合考虑各题所选选项,看是否切合全文主旨。
二、考点突破
“理解文章的基本结构”虽然没有直接命题,但考生在阅读时了解文章结构,对迅速准确地定位所需信息非常有用。
归纳主旨大意
阅读理解首先是对文章中心思想的理解,明确主旨。
因此,要求考生归纳全文的中心思想或段落大意是常考题。
主旨大意题包括:
主要内容:
mainidea型、文章标题title型。
一、题干形式
题干中一般含有mainidea,mainly,theme等。
如:
二、值得注意
解答这类试题时,应注意以下几点:
1、主题是作者的观点(不是他人的观点,不是描写、说明,也不一定是事实)。
2、一个段落或一篇文章一般主题只能有一个,其他的内容都起说明、论证作用。
段落中其它的句子或文章的其它段落是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。
3、主旨句:
一般是下定义,做一个判断,或陈述一个观点。
4、干扰项的陷阱
a.以偏概全,干扰项故意片面地理解文章,把文章中出现过的某一个观点当成整篇文章的主题。
b.放大或缩小文章的主题,把文章的主题进行放大或者缩小。
c.偷换概念,文章讲的主题被换成相关但不同的主题。
三、解题方法
1.正向法:
速读文章,找主题句或自己概括主题,从选项中找出最符合的。
2.逆向法:
假设题目中的选项为标题,其写法是否与所给文章一致。
3.统计法:
有些段落文章有多个句子段落,各句段主题可能完全不同,此时应选择涉及最多的选项。
寻找主题句是解题的关键,主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应,有时在文中,也有可能没有主题句,这时需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。
(1)段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句。
(2)作者有意识地反复重复的观点,通常是主旨;反复出现的词语,一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
(3)首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
(4)提出文章主旨时常伴有文字提示有therefore,thus,but,however,infact,inshort等。
因此,这些词后的内容很可能就是文章主旨。
Passage1
WhenIwassevenmyfathergavemeaTimex,myfirstwatch.Ilovedit,woreitforyears,andhaven’thadanotheronesinceitstoppedtickingadecadeago.Why?
BecauseIdon’tneedone.IhaveamobilephoneandI’malwaysnearsomeonewithaniPodorsomethinglikethat.Allthesedevices(装置)tellthetime----whichiswhy,ifyoulookaround,you’llseelotsofemptywrists;salesofwatchestoyoungadultshavebeengoingdownsince2007.
Butwhilethewisehaverealizedthattheydon’tneedthem,others----apparentlyincludingsomedistinguishedmenofourtime----arespendingtotalfortunesonthem.BrandssuchasRolex,PatekPhilippeandBreitlingcommandshockingprices,upto£250,000forapiece.…Butthesedaysallwatchestellthetimeaswellasallotherwatches.…Sowhypaythatmuchoffiveyears’schoolfeesforwatchesthatallowyoutodothesethings?
Watchesarenowclassifiedas“investments”(投资).A1994Philipperecentlysoldfornearly£350,000,while1960sRolexeshavegonefrom£15,000to£30,000plusinayear.Butawatchisnotaninvestment.It’saamatteroffashion.Butwhenfashionmoveson,theownerofthat£350,000beautywillsuddenlyfindhisprideandjoyisnomoreagoodinvestmentthanmychildhoodTimex.
64.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.TimexorRolex?
B.MyChildhoodTimex
C.Watches?
NotforMe!
D.Watches----aValuableCollection
Ilovedit,woreitforyears,andhaven’thadanotheronesinceitstoppedtickingadecadeago.Why?
BecauseIdon’tneedone.
疑问----回答
Passage2
Therearethousandsofthingstobesoldthatareofallcolorsandshapesinasupermarket,makingyoubelievethattheyaregoodenoughforyoutohaveatry.How?
Packaging(包装)isthequietbutpersuading(有说服力的)salesman.
Thereontheshelves,eachbottle,canandboxhasbeencarefullydesignedtospeaktotheinnerselfoftheconsumer(消费者),sothatheisbuyingnotonlyaproduct(产品)butalsohisbeliefinlife.Scientistshavestudiedonthisandfoundthatthelookofthepackagehasagreatinfluence(影响)onthe“quality”oftheproductandonhowwellitsells,became“Consumersgenerallycannottellbetweenaproductanditspackage.Manyproductsarepackagesandmanypackagesareproducts,”asLouisCheskin,thefirstsocialscientiststudyingconsumers’feelingforpackaging,noticed.
Colorsareoneofthebesttoolsinpackaging.Studiesofeyemovementhaveshownthatcolorsdrawhumanattentionquickly.TakeV8forexample.Formanyyears,thebrightredcoloroftomatoesandcarrotsonthethinbottlemakesyoufeelthatit’sverygoodforyourbody.Andtheword“green"todaycankeepfoodpricesgoingup.
Shapes
areanotherattraction.Circlesoftenmeanhappiness,becausetheyarepleasingtoboththeeyeandtheheart.That’swhytheroundyellowMsignsofMcDonald’sareinvitingtobothyoungand
Thisnewconsumerresponse(反应)tothecolorsandshapesofpackagesreminds(提醒)producersandsellersthatpeoplebuytomeettheneedsofbothbodyandheart.
60.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?
A.ColorsandShapesB.PackagingCanTalk
C.TheresponsetothepackagesD.ColorsandShapesCanDrawPeopleAttention
Passage3
WhereDoestheWaterGo疑问----回答
byJacquelineJ.Christensen
illustratedbyMichaelPalan
Haveyoueverwateredagardenandwatchedthewaterdisappear(消失)intothesoil?
Thisfunexperimentshowshowplantstakewaterfromthegroundtogrow.Askanadulttohelpyou.
YouWillNeed:
•Medium-sizedglass
•Water
•Redfoodcoloring
•Spoon
•1celerystalkwithleaves(一根带叶的芹菜)
YouWillDo:
1.Filltheglasshalfwaywithwater.
2.Stir(搅拌)inenoughfoodcoloringtomakethewaterdarkred.
3.AskMomorDadtocut1inchoffthebottomofthecelerystalk.Placethestalkinthewaterandletitstandovernight.
WhatWillHappen?
Theleaveswillturnred,aswellasthetinytubesrunningupthroughthestalk.Breakthestalkinhalf,andyouwillseereddotsineachpiece.
Why?
Asaplantgrows,itsrootsactlikestraws(麦秆状吸管),suckingwaterupintothestemorstalk.Tinytubes(管)insidethestalkcarrywaterfartherupintotheleaves.(Bycoloringthewaterred,thisiseasiertosee.)Thereddotsshowacross-sectionofthetinytubesthroughwhichthewatertraveled.(190)
51.Whatisthisarticlemostlyabout?
A.howwaterprotectsplantsB.howwatercanchangecolors
C.howcelerystalksgrowinwaterD.howplantsgetwaterfromtheground
Passage4C(2011北京)疑问----回答
Whatdoyoudoifyou’restranded(处于困境的)onalonelyisland?
Surelyyouneedtofindawaytogetintouchwiththeoutsideword.Yourbestchanceofdoingthisistodrawtheattentionofapassingplane.
Bodysignals(信号)
Pilotsfromdifferentcountriesunderstandbodysignalsiftheyhavethecorrecttraining.Whenyouwaveyourarmsupanddowninastraightline,itmeans“yes”.Whenyoupointdownwardsandawingyourarmfromsidetoside,itmeans“no”.Ifyouwantthepilottoknowthatit’ssafetoland,pushyourhandsoutinfrontofyouandbend(弯曲)yourknees.Ifyouwanttosaythatit’snotsafetoland,putyourarmsintheairandmovethemtooneside.
Smokesignals
Thesmokefromafirecanbeseenfromfaraway,soit’sagoodwaytodrawattention.Iftheweatherisdry,itisn’thardtostartafire.Remember,however,thatfirescanbeverydangerousiftheygetoutofcontrol.Neverlightafireunlessyou’resurethatitcan’tspread.Ifthegroundisdark,lightsmokecanbeseenmoreeasily.Greengrassandleavesproducelightsmoke.
Ground-to-airsignals
It’sagoodideatobuildsomesignals,too.Uselargepiecesofwoodtomakethesymbols(标记).Ifyoucan’tfindanywood,useearth.Someusefulsymbolsare:
F“Ineedfoodandwater.”
II“Ineedmedicine.”
I“Iambadlyhurt.”
X“Iamunabletomovefromhere.”
Pilots’replies
Ifthepilotlowerstheplane’swingsfromsidetoside,thismeans“messagereceivedandunderstood”.(Atnight,thepilotflashestheplane’sgreenlights.)Ifthepilotfliestheplaneinaclockwisecircle,thismeans“messagereceivedbutnotunderstood”.(Atnight,thepilotflashestheplane’sredlights.)
However,thereisnosignalwhichmeans“messagenotreceives”.Whynot?
56.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A.Theexplanationofbuildingsignalsonanisland.
B.Theimportanceofmakingsignalsonanisland.
C.Waysofsendingoutsignalsonalonelyisland.
D.Waysofreceivingsignalsfromalonelyisland.
Passage2
Iftherosecanbesaidtobeaspecialflower,thentheapplecanbesaidtobeaspecialfruit.ItisveryimportantinAmericanculture.AmericanstoriesspeakofJohnnyAppleseed,whowentthroughoutAmericacollectingappleseedsandplantingappletrees.Hehadagreatlovefornatureandwentthroughfieldsandfarmsaddingrichnessandbeautytothecountry.
Oneofthefirstsayingstaughttoschoolchildrenis,"Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway."Thisshortsayingencourageschildrentoeatfreshfruittokeephealthy.Ifsomeonealwayssaysgoodwordstoaperson,peoplewillcallhiman"applepolisher".This,however,isnotagoodname.Ifsomeoneisverydeartous,wesaythatheorsheisthe"appleofoureye".
MostpeoplebelievethatthefruitwhichEvegavetoAdamwasanapple,eventhoughtheBible(圣经)neversaysso.Theapple,therefore,isadeeppartofthelanguageandstoriesofAmerica.
Anappleisalsodelicious.Applescanbecookedinmanyways,usedasadessert(甜点),andmadeintosweetjuice.
Inmanypartsofthecountryduringtheharvestseason,apopularactivityistogointoanapplegardentopickapples.Washington,D.C.andNewYorkarebothfamousfortheirapples.
Finally,whenit’stimetotakeavacationtoAmericancities,onecanalwaysvisitNewYork,whichis"thebiggestapple"ofalltheAmericancities.
60.Thepassageismainlyabout______.
A.storiesabouttheapple
B.applesinAmericanculture
C.somefamoussayingsoftheapple
D.bigcitiesthatisfamousforapples
Passage3
Theearthhaswarmedbyabouthalfadegree(0.5)overthelast100years.Itcouldbegettingwarmeronitsown,butmanyscientiststhinkthatpeoplearemakingtheEarthwarmerbymakingagreenhouseeffect(温室效应).Thegreenhouseeffectisimportant.Withoutit,theEarthwouldnotbewarmenoughforustoliveon.Butjustalittl
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