Sciencereport.docx
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Sciencereport.docx
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Sciencereport
1Introduction
Thisisareportaboutalocalenvironmentsurvey.Asastudentwhodeterminestomajorinenvironmentalscienceandtryhisbesttobealegendaryscientistinthefuture,theauthorinvestigatedalocalforest,inordertocollectdataabouttheecosystem.
AgrovenearthegovernmentbuildingofZhangdianDistricthasbeenchosenastheplaceforourfieldtrip.Itadjacenttothegovernment’ssquareandsurroundedbythemoat.Itlocatesinthemiddleofthecity,yetthenearestresidentialbuildingis1kmfarfromit,sinceitbelongstothecity’sgreenareaandissupposednottobeaffectedbyhuman.
Inordertoprovideacomprehensivesurvey,theauthoridentifiedfivestudyobjectives,theyare:
creatureclassification,creaturedistribution,abioticfactors,foodchainandhumanimpact.
Someofthebackgroundknowledgewillbe
listedbelow
●Creatureclassification:
toidentifythescientificnameofspeciesaccordingtotheKingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,Family,GenusandSpecies.
●Foodchain:
Thisisachainwhichconnectcreatureinacertainareaandshowstherelationshipsbetweenpredatorandpreyaswellasthetransferofenergyfromonetrophicleveltoanother.
●Abioticfactor:
itincludesthenon-livingphysicalorchemicalfactorsintheecosystem,likeweather,soil,rock,water,airetc.(Biology-online2008)
●Ecosystem:
itisacombinationofalllivingcreatureandtheirphysicalenvironmentinacertainarea.
●.PH
●.Salinization
●.Quadratmethod
●Trophiclevel
Amongallthebioticfactorswhichareabletoaffectthequalityofthelocalecosystem,humaninterferenceisconsideredasremarkablyimportantintermsofitscapabilitytodeterioratetheenvironmentconstantlyandirreversibly.Thehypothesiswillbethateventhoughsomeartificiallyplantedspecieshelpedtostabilizetheenvironment,overall,thechosenareahasbeennegativelyaffectedbyhumans.
2Methodology
Inordertodoarelativelycomprehensivesurvey,ourgroupdividedthetripintotwoparts,whicharethegroveandtheriver.Samplesweretakeninbothfieldanddifferentmeasurementshavebeenchosentoevaluatethosefieldsquantitatively.
2.1Thechosenarea
Insteadofinvestigatethewholeforestwhichseemsimpossiblesinceithasanareaover4×104m2(thisisroughlyidentifiedwiththehelpofGoogleEarth,anaccuratemap),aparticular5meterstimes5metersareainthegrovewhichcontainsseveraltypesofwildplantsandanimalshasbeenchosenasourstudyfield.Thespeciesinthechosenareisextremelyconcentrated;therefore,itisconsideredtobeacomparablyidealstudyfieldtobeinvestigated.Plantsandwildanimalsintheareawerephotographedinordertobeclassifiedafterwards.
2.2Abioticfactors
Abioticfactorsincludewaterandairquality,soil,rocktypeandweatherconditionwerewelldocumented.Soilsamplesaretakenintwoplacesandeachplacethesoilisdividedintotopsoilandsoilunderground.Theonlyonetypeofrockbeingfoundisapieceofgranitecoveredbycement.Theweatherconditionisobservedwiththehelpofathermometerandahygrometer.Forthewatersample,itiscollectedbyabottomwiththehelpofawillowbranch.ThewaterconditionismeasuredinitsPhwhichisameasurementthatcantelltheacidityoralkalinityofthewatersample.Additionally,sincethewaterisclearenough,thedepthofthewaterismeasuredwiththehelpof?
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.
2.3Speciesdistribution
Thedistributionofspeciesisrecordedbyusingaquadrat,asquaredfielddividedintosmallblocksbyhorizontalandverticallinesandmarkedwithnumbersandalphabetorder.Thegraphbelowroughlyshowshowaquadratlookslike.
2.4Foodchain
Inordertographafoodchain,everysquareinchwassearchedandspecieswereidentifiedasmanyaswecan.Animalslikespider,snailandbirdarephotographedfirst.Thepossiblerelationshipswiththemandpossiblefoodchainthattheyareabletoformhavebeencomeupwithbyourgroupafterwards.Thegraphbelowshowssomeanimalsthatwefound.
3Finding
3.1Featureofthestudysite
3.1.1Physicalfeature
Theterrestrialareaismainlyformedbysoftclayandsand,thetopsoiliswellfixedbythebranchesoftherootsofgrassandtrees.Thesurfaceoftheterrestrialareaiscoveredbywitheredgrassandfallenleaves.Thesoilnearsomeartificiallyplantedpinesisnewlyrefreshedandclearly,itistransferredfromotherplace,sinceitissoftandthecolorisrelativelydark.Theaquaticareaisanartificialriversurroundedbydecorativemarble.Theriverisdividedintotwopartsbyanarchedstonebridge.
3.1.2biologicalfeature
ThemajorplantsinthegrovearetreeslikeFraxinusBungeana,Pines,andCypress.Sincetheareaisrelativelyartificial,animalswithalargeshapeareextremelyrare.ThemajorvisibleanimalsarearthropodsandmollusclikeSpidersandSnails.Thedominantspeciesfortheaquaticarea,theriver,arealgawhichlivesatthebottomoftheriver.Visibleanimalsintheriverwerenotobserved.
3.2Creatureclassification
Table1:
Creatureclassification
Scientificname
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
FraxinusBungeana
Plantae
Angiospermae
Dicotyledoneae
OrdoOleales
Oleaceae
Fraxinus
FraxinuschinensisRoxb
Pines
Plantae
Pinophyta
Pinopsida
Coniferales
Pinaceae
Pinus
Pinon
Poplar
Plantae
Angiospermae
Dicotyledoneae
Salicales
Salicaceae
PopulusL.
PopulusbonatiiLevl
Araneusmitificus
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneida
Araneidae
Araneus
Araneusmitificus
Platycladusorientalis
Plantae
Pinophyta
Coniferopsida
Pinales
Cupressaceae
Platycladus
Platycladusorientalis
Snail
Animalia
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Stylommatophora
Bradybaenidae
Cathaica
CathaicaXerocathaica
Thistableaboveshowsclassificationofsixspecies.Theyarefourtypesofplantswhicharepines,cypress,fraxinusbungeanaandpoplarandtwotypesofanimalswhicharespiderandsnail.
3.3Foodchainandfoodweb
Sincevisiblespeciesinthestudyfieldisquitelimited,thelongestfoodchainismainlyformedby4speciesandtherefore,foretrophiclevels.Thefoodchainisshowedasbelow
GrassMosquitoSpiderBird
SpiderBird
MosquitoSnail
GrassTree
Thefoodwebisrelativelycomplex;itisformedby8foodchains,6speciesand4trophiclevels.Thefirsttrophiclevelisformedbyplantslikegrassandtree,sincetheyareself-feedingcreatureandareabletoprovidethebasicfoodforothercreatureslivinginthearea.Thesecondtrophiclevelisformedbysmallherbivorelikeinsectsandmollusc.Animalslikemosquitoandsnailbelongtothislevel,fortheyconsumethefirstlevelandprovidefoodforbiggercarnivoresandomnivores.Carnivoreisthekindofanimalthatonlyeatmeat.Spiderisanexampleofcarnivore,whichformsthethirdtrophiclevelinthefoodwebprovidedabove.Omnivoreisthekindofanimalthateatbothmeatandplants.Birdisanexampleofomnivoreandformsthesecond,thirdandforthtrophiclevel,foritnotonlyconsumetreebutalsoeatanimalslikesnailandspider.
3.4Creaturedistribution
Thespeciesinthelimitedareaarenotevenlydistributed,sinceeachspecieshasitsinclinationandenvironmentpreference.Thegraphbelowshowstheplantsdistributionintheareainthemeasuredbyquadratmethod.
Graph5:
Plantsdistribution
Formthegraphabove,itisobviousthatthoseartificiallyplantedspinesareregularlydistributed.A1toE1andA3toE3arespineswhichhavethesamespacebetweeneachother.Forthosewildplantslikefraxinusandcypress,thedistributionisfoundtotallyrandom.Interestingly,atendencyhasbeenfoundthatthosewildplantsaremorelikelytostayandgrowtogether.Thegathereffectisconsideredtobebeneficialtothem,fortheyareabletomaximumthelimitednutritionandminimumtheillness.Anothertendencyisthatthedistributionofplantshasagreatimpactonthelocationoftheanimals.Thisislargelyduetothereasonthatplantsareabletoprovidefoodandshelterforanimals.Theshadowtheyprovidedenablesanimalstoliveinacomfortableandcomparativelyhumidenvironment.Inversely,plantsalsobenefitalotfromanimals.Animallikespiderwhomainlylivesonthetreeisgoodatcapturinginsectswhichareconsideredasnaturalenemiesforthoseplants.Inthiscase,theexistingofthoselovelyneighborsplaysanimportantroleinthegrowthofthoseplants.
3.5QualityoftheEnvironment
Thequalityofthesoilwasmeasuredbyitsacidityoralkalinity,salinization,pollutionandqualitativetightness.TheacidityandalkalinityofthesoilsampleismeasuredinPh.ThePhofwetestedis6,whichmeansitisweaklyacidic.Thisisduetotheimpactofplantsgrownonit.Forreasonunknown,thealkalinematerialinthesoilwasabsorbedbytherootsofplantsastheformofnutrition.Therefore,changingthequalityofthesoilintoacidic.Comparedwithsoilhardenbysalinization,thesoilsampleissoftandnutritious,whichisconsideredtobegoodforthegrowthofplants.Thesoilsampleisnotgreatlypolluted,sinceitisfarawayfromthegarbageditch.Thesoilaroundthegarbageditchisdarkandsmellyandobviouslypolluted.
Thequalityofwaterismeasuredbyitslimpidity,phandpollution.Thedepthoftheartificialriverisnearly1.7metersanditiscleanenoughfortheobservertoseethebottom.Thephofthewatersampleisabout8.0whichmeansthatitisalkaline.Theplausibleexplanationforthiscouldbethattheexcretaofcreaturelivinginthewaterandthemineralsubstancechangedthequalityofthewater.Thewaterisprettyfreshandnearlynotbeingpol
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