AcademicEnglishIsbusinessbadforscience.docx
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AcademicEnglishIsbusinessbadforscience.docx
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AcademicEnglishIsbusinessbadforscience
Text3bIsbusinessbadforscience?
Thistextisbasedonanarticlefromanonlinenewsletter,I-sisNews,whichlooksfurtherintocommercialpressureonscientificresearch.
Task9Predictingtextcontent
Predictingthecontentofatextwillhelpyoureadwithmorespeedandfluency.Itmayalsohelpyouidentifythewriter'spurposeandrecognise"new"knowledge.
9.1Thinkaboutthetitle:
Isbusinessbadforscience?
a.Discusswhybigbusinessmightequalbadsciencewithanotherstudent.
b.Addfourmorereasonswhybusinesscanbebadforscience.
1,pressuretocompleteresearchtooquickly
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.2Suggestonereasonwhysciencecanbe"badforbusiness".
9.3NowreadtoseeifyourideaswerethesameasthoseinText3b.
Whileyouarereading,youcanalsotimeyourself.Notethetimebeforeyoubeginreadingandnoteitagainwhenyouhavefinished.Thereare1,300wordsinthetext.
Studytip:
Predictinginvolvesusingtheknowledgeyoualreadyhaveaboutatopictohelpyouunderstandatextyouaregoingtoreadonthattopic.
9.4Tick(√)astatementthatmostcloselyreflectsthewriter'sviewpoint.
1.Scientificresearchneedstobecarriedoutinamorebusinesslikeway.
2.Thepublicisnotgainingadequatebenefitfromresearchaimedatdevelopingnewdrugs.
3.Thereisaseriousconflictbetweeninvestors'interestsandappropriatescientificpractice.
4.Scientistsanduniversitieshaveverylimitedcommercialsense.
Discussyourviews.
Task10Comparingtextsandreadingfordetails
Youhavenowreadtwotextsontherelationshipbetweenbusinessandscientificresearch.
10.1Thinkaboutthetwotextsyouhavereadonthesametopic:
therelationshipbetweenbusinessandscientificresearch.Arethereanysignificantdifferencesbetweenthem?
Summariseyouranswerandthenexplainittoanotherstudent.
10.2Re-readText3bandcompletetheshort-answerquestions.
1.Whichareaofscientificresearchisthefocusofthistext?
2.WhowerethedelegatestotheLondonconferencein2001?
3.WhywasOlivieriethicallyopposedtocertainresearch?
4.NamethetwosortsofresearchmentionedbyZiman.
5.WhichtypeofresearchdidWeatherallappeartofavour?
6HowdidWeatherallthinkthatscientificresearchcouldbeprotected?
7.WhattermdidMonbiotusetodescribetypicalgovernmentattitudestoresearch?
8.IdentifythephraseMonbiotusedtodemonstratewhathewantedscientiststodo.
9.WhowrotethereportabouttheLondonconference?
10.WhatconcerndidPisanoexpressaboutscience'srelationshipwithbusiness?
10.3SelectpartsofthetextthatseemverysimilartoorverydifferentfromText3a.
Youcouldusedifferentcolourstohighlight"similar"and"different"information.
Task11Scanningandclosereading
Academictextsoftencontainreferencestoexpertswithintherelevantfield.InText3b,theopinionsofanumberofacademicsandscientistsarementioned.
11.1Readthebriefsummariesbelow.Thenscanthetextforinformation,matchingeachopiniontotherelevantexpert.
a.Selecttheexpertsinvariousaresfromthefollowinglist:
Pisano,Oliveri,Ziman,Weatherall,Monbiot,SaundersandMae-WanHo.
Note:
Insomecases,morethanoneexpertmaybelinkedtoasummary.
b.Scanthetexttofindinformationwhichrelatestothesummariesbelowandcompletethetable.
1.Researchinstitutionsclearlyneedoutsidefunding,butatthesametimetheyneedtoguardagainstexploitationbybusinessinterests.
2.Onlyafewbusinessenterpriseshavemadesignificantfinancialgainfromfundingmedicalresearch.
3.Governments,businesses,institutionsandscientistsshouldallsharesomeblameforconductinginappropriatescientificresearch.
4.Scientificresearchshouldservetheinterestsofsocietyasawhole,notjustthefew.
5.Somedrugcompaniesareguiltyofpromotingmedicalmalpracticebyconcealingtheresultsoftheirfundedresearch.
6.Thebiotechindustrycannotbemanagedinthesamewayasothermodernindustries.
7.Fundingofresearchisoftenmisdirectedinordertosuittheaimsofbusinessorgovernmentinterests.
Task12Identifyingandusingreportinglanguage
Thetextcontainsaninterestingrangeofreportinglanguage.Thisisthewaythatthewritertellsthereader,i.e.,"reports",whatthevariousexpertsreferredtointhetextsaidorwroteabout.ThefirstspeakerattheLondonconferencewhoisreportedinthiswayisProfessorJohnZiman.Notethevariousways,inParagraphS,inwhichthewriterofthetextreportsZiman'sideas:
1.thelateJohnZiman…whocategorisedresearchas…(lines75-78)
2.Zimandescribedinstrumental…(line89)
3.Zimannotedthatalthoughnon-instrumental…(lines96-97)
4.Zimanarguedthat…(lines106-107)
12.1ItisimportanttorecognisethedifferentwaysthatZiman'sviewpointisexpressedinthisparagraph.Lookatthelistofreportinglanguageaboveandidentifywhethereachoneisdirectorindirectreporting.Tick(√)theappropriatecolumninthetablebelow.
Keyreadingskills:
IdentifyingreportingLanguage
Beingabletoidentifyreportinglanguagewillhelpyoureadmoreeffectivelyandwillhelpyouwriteacademictextssuchasessays,reportsanddissertations.
Studytip:
Verbssuchashighlight,assertandputforwardareusedinacademictextstoreportideasandopinions.Learningsuchreportinglanguagewillhelpyouracademicwriting.
12.2Readthroughtheremainderofthetextandhighlightmoreexamplesofreportinglanguage.Youmaybeabletofindupto20differentexamplesinthecompletetext.
Discusstheseexamplesanddecidewhichofthemyoumightbeabletouseinyouracademicwriting.
12.3LookbackattheopinionsofacademicsinTask11.Usingdifferentreportingverbs,practisereportingwhatvariousexpertssaidaboutscientificresearch.
Trytoavoidusingthesameverbastheoneusedintheoriginaltext.
Example:
V}leatherallemphasisedthatresearchinstitutionsclearlyneededoutsidefunding,butatthesametime,theyneededtoguardagainstexploitationbybusinessinterests.
Studytip:
Thereisnobetterwayofdevelopingyouruseofreportinglanguagethanputtingitintopractice.
Task13Understandingandusingmodifyinglanguage
Adjectivesandadverbsareusedtomodifyorsaymoreaboutotherwordsintexts.Theyserveanimportantroleininformingthereaderaboutthewriter'sattitude,biasandoverallwritingpurpose.Theyalsoperformanevaluativerolesothatthereadercancriticallyconsidertheimportanceorrelevanceofcertainideas,opinionsorfacts.
Remember
Adjectivesareusedtomodifynouns.Example:
Thisisacontroversialquestion.
Adverbsareusedtomodifyverbs[1],adjectives[2]orotheradverbs[3].Example:
Shereadvery[3]quickly[小hroughtheextremely[2]longagenda.
13.1Re-readParagraphs2and3ofText3b.Thencompletethetableonthenextpagewiththewordsorphrasesfromthetextthatmodifythewordsorphrasesintheleft-handcolumn.
Considerhowthemodifyinglanguagehelpsyouunderstandthetext.
13.2Re-readParagraph5,andfindsevenmoreexamplesofthewayadjectivesandadverbsareusedtomodifyotherwords.
a.Recordthewordsandmodifiersinthetable.
b.Considerwhatimpactthemodifyinglanguageinthisparagraphhasforthereader.
Unitsummary
Somenewactivitieshavebeenintroducedinthisthirdunit.Youhavealsohadfurtherpracticeintheskillsandactivitiesintroducedinearlierunits.
1Lookbackovertheworkyouhavedoneandthinkabouthowsuccessfullyyoucarriedoutthevarioustasks.Asyoucheck,tick(√)theappropriateboxinthetablebelow.
2Completethefollowingstatementswithphrasesfromthewordbox.Oneofthephrasesmaynotbeneeded.
1.Themoreyoucanrecall,themoreyouwillhave.
2.isonethatthewriterorspeakeranswersthemselves.
3.theargument,belieforclaimmadebythewriter.
4linkbetweenwords,namesorconceptsmatext.
5.Inordertopredictthecontentofatext,itisusuallynecessaryto
6statementsmadebysomeotherspeakers)orwriter(s).
******************************************************************************
Forwebresourcesrelevanttothisbook,see:
Thisweblinkwillprovideyouwithfurtherhelpininferringmeaningfromcontextandinusingreportinglanguage.
Isbusinessbadforscience?
Beforetheemergenceofbiotechnology,businessandscienceoFeeratedinlargelyseparatespheres.Thebusinessworldhadlittleinterestinexpandingscientifcknowledge,leavingresearchfirmlywinthinthedomainofuniversities,governmentlaboratoriesandnon-profitinstitutions(Pisano,2006).Howeverthenewmillenniumsawamarriageofbusinesspowerandscientificdivelopmentasbiotechnologicaladvancesdrewbothintereststogether.
Theimpactofthealliancebetweenbusinessandsciencehasbeensubstantial,butithasnotalwaysbeenseenpositively.
Manywouldclaimthatsciencehaslostthefreedomandthetimetocarryoutresearchasthoroughlyandaspainstakinglyasitshould.Thesituationhasbeenaggravatedbythefrustrationfeltbybusinessinterest,asinvestorsdemand,intheirviewquitereasonably,amuchquickerreturnontheirinvestmentthanhasoftenbeenexperienced.
Anumberofcontroversialquestionshavearisen.Doesmodernresearch(particularly,medicalresearch)servetheinterestsofsocietyingeneralaswellasitshould?
Istheapproachtomedicalresearchashonestasitshouldbe?
Towhatextentisscientificresearchforitsownsakebeingrestrictedindeferencetoshort-termeconomicinterests?
Aregovernmentsandventurecapitalists-peoplew
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