自主学习3答案.docx
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自主学习3答案.docx
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自主学习3答案
自主学习3
PartIReadingprehension(40minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasewritethecorrespondingletterforeachitemintheblank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions1to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Domesticlaws,notaglobaltreaty,arethewaytofightglobalwarming.Governmentsliketocite1)__constraints(限制)---suchasmeetingtheconditionsforaninternationaldifficulty---whenpushingthroughunpopularpolicies.Butwithmeasuresto2)___withclimatechange,theoppositeprevails.Eachroundofintergovernmentaltalksoncutting3)___andpensatingvictimsseemstoachievelessthantheonebefore.Meanwhile,accordingtoanewstudythenumberofnewdomesticenvironmentlawsrosequickly.Andtheoveralltrendisastrongincreaseinlegalactivism.LastyearMexicopassedanimportantlawtoguideallitsclimate-change4)___.
Somepeopledefinewhatcountsasaclimatelawishardwhensomuch5)___theenvironment.Thenumberoflawsaloneisnotthe6)___measure:
someareprehensiveandotherspecific.Rulessetbyotherlayersofgovernmentmay7)___morethanthenationalkind.Andjustbecausealawpassesdoesnotmeanitwilldoanygood.YetSamFankhauseroftheLondonSchoolofEconomicssaystheriseinnationallegislationhelpsstoptheskeptics’claimthatitisself-defeatingforacountrytoactaloneonclimatechange.Healsopointsoutthatmanybigcountriesstillhaveawaytogo.Thestudy8)___theweaklinkbetweenglobalactionanddomesticchange.Holdingabigclimateconference9)___aseriesoflawsacoupleofyearslater.Butbyand10)___votersappearmorewillingtoacceptdomesticenvironmentallawsthaninternationalones.
A)affects
F)external
K)matter
B)crucial
G)internal
L)policies
C)deal
H)large
M)promote
D)effects
I)less
N)prompts
E)emissions
J)literally
O)reveals
1---5FCELA6---10BKONH
SectionB
Directions:
Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsbywritingthecorrespondingletterintheblank.
WhyYourNameMatters
A)In1948,twoprofessorsatHarvardUniversitypublishedastudyofthirty-threehundredmenwhohadrecentlygraduated,lookingatwhethertheirnameshadanybearingontheiracademicperformance.Themenwithunusualnames,thestudyfound,weremorelikelytohaveflunkedout(因不及格而退学)ortohaveexhibitedsymptomsofpsychologicalneurosisthanthosewithmoremonnames.TheMikesweredoingjustfine,buttheBerrienswerehavingtrouble.Ararename,theprofessorssurmised(推测),hadanegativepsychologicaleffectonitsbearer.
B)Sincethen,researchershavecontinuedtostudytheeffectsofnames,and,inthedecadesafterthe1948study,thesefindingshavebeenwidelyreproduced.Somerecentresearchsuggeststhatnamescan influence choiceof profession,wherewe live,whomwe marry,thegradesweearn,the stocks weinvestin,whetherwe’reacceptedtoa school orarehiredforaparticular job,andthe qualityofourwork inagroupsetting.Ournamescanevendeterminewhetherwe givemoney todisastervictims:
ifweshareaninitialwiththenameofahurricane,accordingtoonestudy,wearefarmorelikelytodonatetorelieffundsafterithits.
C)Muchoftheapparentinfluenceofnamesonbehaviorhasbeenattributedtowhat’sknownasthe implicit-egotismeffect:
wearegenerallydrawntothethingsandpeoplethatmostresembleus.Becausewevalueandidentifywithourownnamesandinitials,wepreferthingsthathavesomethinginmonwiththem.
D)Thatview,however,maynotwithstandcloserscrutiny.ThepsychologistUriSimonsohnhas questioned manyofthestudies thatclaimtodemonstratetheimplicit-egotismeffect,arguingthatthefindingsarestatisticalflukes(侥幸)thatarisefrompoormethodology.“It’slikeamagician,”Simonsohntoldme.“Heshowsyouatrick,andyousay,‘Iknowit’snotreal,buthowdidhepullitoff?
’It’sallinthemethodology.”Aproblemthathecitesinsomeofthesestudiesisanignoranceofbaserates---theover-allfrequencywithwhichsomething,likeaname,occursinthepopulationatlarge.ItmaybeappealingtothinkthatsomeonenamedDanwouldprefertobeadoctor,butwehavetoaskwhethertherearesomanydoctorDanssimplybecauseDanisamonname,well-representedinmanyprofessions.Ifthat’sthecase,theimplicit-egotismeffectisnolongervalid.
E)Therearealsoresearcherswhohavebeenmoremeasuredintheirassessmentsofthelinkbetweennameandlifeoute. In1984,thepsychologistDebraCrispandhercolleaguesfoundthatthoughmoremonnameswerebetterliked,theyhadnoimpactonaperson’seducationalachievement.In2012,thepsychologistsHuiBaiandKathleenBriggs concludedthat “thenameinitialisatbestaverylimitedunconsciousprime,ifany.”Whileaperson’snamemayunconsciouslyinfluencehisorherthinking,itseffectsondecision-makingarelimited.Follow-upstudieshavealsoquestionedthelinkbetweennamesandlongevity, careerchoice and success, geographic and marriage preferences,andacademicachievement.
F)However,itmaynotbethecasethatnameeffectsdon’texist;perhapstheyjustneedtobereinterpreted. In2004,theeconomistsMarianneBertrandandSendhilMullainathancreatedfivethousandrésumésinresponsetojobadspostedintheclassifiedsinChicagoandBostonnewspapers.UsingMassachusettsbirthcertificatesfrombetween1974and1979,BertrandandMullainathandeterminedwhichnamesappearedatahighfrequencyinoneracebutatalowfrequencyinanother,creatinggroupsofwhattheytermed“white-soundingnames”(likeEmilyWalshandGregBaker)and“black-soundingnames”(likeLakishaWashingtonandJamalJones).Theyalsocreatedtwotypesofcandidates:
ahigher-qualitygroupwithmoreexperienceandamorepleteprofile,andalower-qualitygroup,withsomeobviousgapsinemploymentorbackground.Theysenttworésumésfromeachqualificationgrouptoeveryemployer,onewith“black-sounding”nameandtheotherwitha“white-sounding”one(atotaloffourCVsperemployer).Theyfoundthatthe“white-sounding”candidatesreceivedfiftypercentmorecallbacks,andthattheadvantagearésuméwitha“white-sounding”namehadoverarésuméwitha“black-sounding”namewasroughlyequivalenttoeightmoreyearsofworkexperience.Anaverageofoneofeveryten“white”résumésreceivedacall-back,versusoneofeveryfifteen“black”résumés.Names,inotherwords,sendsignalsaboutwhoweareandwhereweefrom.
G)Theeffectsofname-signaling---whatnamessayaboutethnicity,religion,socialsphere,andsocioeconomicbackground---maybeginlongbeforesomeoneenterstheworkforce.InastudyofchildreninaFloridaschooldistrict,conductedbetween1994and2001,theeconomistDavidFiglio demonstratedthatachild’snameinfluencedhowheorshewastreatedbytheteacher,andthatdifferentialtreatment,inturn,translatedtotestscores.Figlioisolatedtheeffectsofthestudents’namesbyparingsiblings---samebackground,differentnames.Childrenwithnamesthatwerelinkedtolowsocioeconomicstatusorbeingblack,asmeasuredbytheapproachusedbyBertrandandMullainathan,weremetwithlowerteacherexpectations.Unsurprisingly,theythenperformedmorepoorlythantheircounterpartswithnon-black,higher-statusnames.Conversely,childrenwithAsian-soundingnames(alsomeasuredbybirth-recordfrequency)weremetwithhigherexpectations,andweremorefrequentlyplacedingiftedprograms.
H)TheeconomistsStevenLevittandRolandFryer lookedat trendsinnamesgiventoblackchildrenintheUnitedStatesfromthe1970stotheearly1980s.Theydiscoveredthatnameswhichsoundedmoredistinctively“black”became,overtime,evermorereliablesignalsofsocioeconomicstatus.Thatstatus,inturn,affectedachild’ssubsequentlifeoute,whichmeantthatitwaspossibletoseeacorrelationbetweennamesandoutes,suggestinganameeffectsimilartowhatwasobservedinthe1948Harvardstudy.ButwhenLevittandFryercontrolledforthechild’sbackground,thenameeffectdisappeared,stronglyindicatingthatoutesweren’tinfluencedbyintrinsicqualitiesofthenameitself.AsSimonsohnnotes,“Namestellusalotaboutwhoyouare.”
I)Weseeaname,implicitlyassociatedifferentcharacteristicswithit,andusethatassociation,howeverunknowingly,tomakeunrelatedjudgmentsabout thepetenceandsuitabilityofitsbearer.Therelevantquestionmaynotbe“What’sinaname?
”but,rather,“Whatsignalsdoesmynamesend---andwhatdoesitimply?
”
11.Wemayunconsciouslyjudgeaperson’spetencebasedontheassociationwithhisname.
12.Accordingtoonestudy,awomannamedKateismorelikelytodonatetorelieffundsifahurricanenamedKatrinahits.
13.Thecategorizationof“white-soundingnames”and“black-soundingnames”isbasedonthefrequencyatwhichnamesappearindifferentraces.
14.ProfessorsatHarvardUniversityfoundthatmenwithpeculiarnamesdidnotperformacademicallyaswellasthosewithordinarynames.
15.Apsychologistclaimsthatmanystudiesontheimplicit-egotismeffecthaveadoptedpoormethodology.
16.AccordingtoFiglio,teachersdidnotexpectmuchfromch
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