分子生物学Chapter 1 Cells and Macromolecules.docx
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分子生物学Chapter 1 Cells and Macromolecules.docx
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分子生物学Chapter1CellsandMacromolecules
◎Introduction
◎1.Cellularclassification
◎2.Subcellularorganelles
◎3.Macromolecules
◎4.LargemacromolecularAssemblies
※INTRODUCTION
目的:
学生了解教师讲授课程的目的;对学生的要求(包括知识,思维,能力);学习当中要注意的问题;学习结果的评价。
关键点:
学生要了解本课程学习不是主要在于对分子生物学知识的掌握,而在于对能力的提高。
使教学思维能够介入其中。
重点:
学习的评价
时间:
50分钟
5
※ReferenceBooks
1.EssentialsofMolecularBiology,byGeorgeM.MalacinskiandDavidFreifeider
InstantNotesinMolecularBiology,byTurneretal.
2.GeneVII-byBenjaminLewin.2000.Electronicversion
3.MolecularCellBiology—byLodishetal.4thed
4.MoleculrBiologyoftheCell—byAlbertsetal.3rd.
5
※YourfutureandMolecularBiologyCourse
Yourplanafterundergraduatestudy
vFindajob.
Youmaynotgetagoodjobinawell-knowncompany,andyoumayneedcomebackforfurthereducationafterafewyearsofworking.
Ph.D.degreeandpost-docexperiencesareexclusivelynecessaryforacademicpositionsandresearchpositionsincompanies
Masterdegreeisusuallyrequiredformanager,technicianandsalesman.Managermayneedmoreexperiences/studyatmanagementandothers.
Yourpreparationnow
Pleasedonotwasteyourtime.
MolecularBiologyCourseProvideastagetoenhanceyourlearningcapabilityandskills
5
※Evaluationsystem:
1.Review:
chapterorsectionreview(20%);topicreview(yourchoice)(20%);
2.Finalexam:
-50%
3.Prepare.pptpresentationonatopicofyourchoice-10%
4.Bonuspoints:
Chapter1CellsandMacromolecules
Introduction
WhatisMolecularBiology?
vMolecularbiologyseekstoexplaintherelationshipsbetweenthestructureandfunctionofbiologicalmoleculesandhowtheserelationshipscontributetotheoperationandcontrolofbiochemicalprocesses.---Turneretal.
Thegoalsofmolecularbiologyisambitious.Butoverlyzealous.
vMolecularbiologyisthestudyofgenesandtheiractivitiesatthemolecularlevel,includingtranscription,translation,DNAreplication,recombinationandtranslocation.
vRobertWeaver
TheCoreofMolecularBiology:
vThemacromoleculesandmacromolecularcomplexesofDNA,RNAandprotein
vTheprocessesofreplication,transcriptionandtranslationandtheirregulations
vManipulationofmacromolecules,technologiescentraltomodernbiosciences
GeneticmaterialcanbethingsotherthanDNA:
RNA(forsure),protein(possible?
)orsomethingelse(?
?
)
Geneticinformationflowisnotsimplyinonedirection:
DNA>RNA>Protein
Thehierarchyoflivingworld:
Biologicalorganizationsatvariouslevels
Biosphere(thesumofallEarth’secosystems)
Ecosystem(biologicalcommunity+environment)
Biologicalcommunity(populationsofdifferentspeciesinsamearea)
Population(localizedgroupoforganismsofsamespecies)
Organisms(Unitsoflife)
Organsystems
Organs
Tissue
Cells(1-100m,Unitsoforganisms)
Organelles(ribosomesca.20nm)
Macromoleculecomplex
Molecules(nm,atomsbondedchemically)
Atoms(Å,chemicalbuilding
blocksofallmatter)
DISCUSSION:
TherelationshipofMolecularBiologywithotherbiologicalsubjects
Focusofotherdisciplines:
Generalbiology:
Anatomy,metabolism&systematicsoflivingorganisms(plants,animals,microbes).
Microbiology/Virology:
propertiesofmicrobes/viruses.
Biochemistry:
chemicalnatureandmetabolismofbiomolecules(macro-orsmall).
Biophysics:
Physicalpropertiesofbiomolecules
Molecular/Genetics:
transferofgeneticinformationbetweengenerations(genotypeandphenotype).
Cellbiology:
Structure&functionofcellsandorganelles.
Molecularbiology:
Molecularnatureofmacromoleculesandgenereplication&expressioninsidecellsandmanipulationinvitro.
Molecularbiologyistounderstandthebasiccellbehaviorpatters.
CELL:
webeginbybrieflyreviewingthepropertiesofseveralmodellivingsystems.ANDCELL.
Cellsarethebasicunitsoflivingorganisms
Celldiffersenormouslyinsize,shapeandactivities.
Thesimplestlivingorganismisofcoursethevirus.Asaminimallifeform,itconsistsodaDNA(or,insomecases,anRNA)
Chapter1CellsandMacromolecules
1.Cellularclassification
vThethreekingdomsoforganismsarerelatedthroughcommonsequencesoftheirribosomalRNAs.Theirlineagedepictsaviewofhowalllifeonearth,fromsimplebacteriatocomplexmammals,evolvedfromacommon,single-celledprogenitor.
1.1Prokaryoticcells
vTheprokaryoticcelldoesnothaveanucleus.
vProkaryotesincludearchaebacteriaandeubacteria. Theyaresingle-cellorganisms
Archaea
vArchaealiveinextremeenvironments. Theymaybeorganizedintothreegroups:
vMethanogensliveinanaerobicenvironmentsuchasswamps. Theyproducemethaneandcannottolerateexposuretooxygen.
vExtremehalophilesliveinveryhighconcentrationsofsalt(NaCl),e.g.,theDeadSeaandtheGreatSaltLake.
vExtremethermophilesliveinhot,sulfurrichandlowpHenvironment,suchashotsprings,geysersandfumarolesintheYellowstoneNationalPark.
Schematicdrawingofaprokaryoticcell
Cellwall:
topreventcelllysisinenvironmentsoflowosmolarity
vPlasmamembrane:
lipidbilayerandembeddedproteinsforsmallmoleculeexchange
vGeneticmaterials:
nucleiod(singleandcircularchromosome),plasmid
vRibosmes:
proteinsynthesismachinery
vPili:
toallowthecelltoattachtoothercellsandsurface
vFlagella:
cellmovement
1.2Eukaryoticcell
vCellsofplants,animals,fungiandprotistspossesswell-definedsubcellularcompartmentsboundedbylipidmembranes.Theseorgnaellesarethesitesofdistinctbichemicalprocessesanddefinetheeukaryotes.
KEYPOINT:
FeaturesofEukaryotic.:
subcellularcompartments
Organellesoftheeukaryoticcell
Differentiaton:
vInmostmulticellulareukaryotes,groupsofcellsdifferentiateduringdevelopmentoftheorganismtoprovidespecializedfunctions.Inmostcase,theycontainthesameDNAbuttranscribedifferentgenes.Likeallothercellularprocesses,differentiationiscontrolledbygenes.Co-ordinationoftheactivitiesofdifferentcelltypesrequirescommunicationbetweenthem.
Cellulardifferentiation
vThedaughtercellschangetheirpatternsofgeneexpressiontobecomefunctionallydifferentfromtheparentcellaftercelldivision.Themainmolecularreasonforcellulardifferentiationischangeofthegenesbeingtranscribed,butnotthatoftheDNAcontent.Celldifferentiationisregulatedbydevelopmentalcontrolgenes,mutationsinthesegenesresultinabnormalbodyplans.
Forexample
vSporeformationamongprokaryotesandlowereukaryotes
vEmbryoniccelldifferentiateintohighlyspecializedcellsamonghighereukaryotes.
vCo-ordinationoftheactivitiesofthemulticellularorganisms:
signalingmoleculesandsignaltransduction(notbeingdiscussedinthiscourse)
Celldifferentiationinyeast
Differentiationisregulatedbydevelopmentalcontrolgenes
2.Subcellularorganelles
Differeniencebetweenanimalandplantcell
2.1Nuclei
vThemembrane-boundnucleuscontainsthebulkofthecellularDNAinmultiplechromosomes.TranscriptionofthisDNAandprocessingoftheRNAoccurshere.Nucleoliarecontainedwithinthenucleus.
2.2Mitochondria
Functionandstructure:
ATPandbreath
2.3Chloroplast
2.4EM
RoughandsmoothEM,ribosome
2.5Golgiapparatus
vGolgiapparatusisamajorsiteforsortingandmodificationsofproteinsandlipids. AfterproteinsaresortedatroughER,theyareenclosedintransportvesiclesandcarriedtotheGolgiapparatus. Someproteinscouldbemodifiedintoglycoproteinsandthentransportedtootherdestinations
2.6Microbodies
vThelysosomescontaindegradative,hydrolyticenzymes;
vtheperoxisomescontainenzymeswhichdestroycertainpotentiallydangerousfreeradicalsandhydrogenperoxide;
vtheglyoxysomesofplantscarryoutthereactionsoftheglyoxylatecycle.
Organelleisolation
Afterdisruptionoftheplasmamembrane,thesubcellularorganellescanbeseparatedfromeachotherandpurifiedbyacombinationofdifferentialcentrifugationanddensitygradientcentrifugation.Puritycanbeassayedbymeasuringorganelle-specificenzymes.
3.Macromolecules
vproteinandnucleicacids(nextchapter)
vpolysaccharides
vlipids
vcomplexmacromolecules
3.1Polysaccharides
alpha-Amyloseandcellulosearepolymersofglucoselinkedalpha(1-4)andbeta(1-4)respectively.
Starch,astorageformofglucosefoundinplants,containsalpha-amylosetogetherwiththealpha(1-6)branchedpolymeramylopectin.
Glucoseisstoredasglycogeninanimals.
Chitin,apolymerofN-acetylglucosamine,isfoundinfungalcellwallsandarthropodexoskeletons.Mucopolysaccharidesareimportantcomponentsofconnectivetissue.
3.2Lipids
vTriglyceridescontainingsaturatedandunsaturatedfattyacidsarethemajorstoragelipidsofanimalsandplantsrespectively.Structuraldifferencesbetweenthetwotypesoffattyacidresultinanimaltriglyceridesbeingsolidandplanttriglycerides(oils)liquid.Phospholipidsandsphingolipidshavepolargroupsinadditiontothefattyacidcomponents,andareimportantconstituentsofallcellmembranes.
Lipids:
individuallipidsarenotstrictlymacromolecules,largelipidmoleculesarebuiltupfromsmallmonomericunitsandinvolvedinmanymacromoleculeassembly
Glyceridesconsistingone,twoorthreelong-chainfattyacidsesterifiedtoamoleculeofglycerol
Triglycerides:
consistingthreelong-chainfattyacidsesterifiedtoamoleculeofglycerol
Phospholipid:
glycerolesterifiedtotwofattyacidsandphosphoricacid
Sphingomyelin
3.3Complexmacromolecules
Nucleoproteinscont
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