商法Part 2 Corperate Law.docx
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商法Part 2 Corperate Law.docx
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商法Part2CorperateLaw
CorporateLaw
Unit1Introductiontodifferentformsofbusinessentities
1Soleproprietorship
2Partnerships
GeneralPartnership,LimitedPartnership,LLC(LimitedLiabilityCompany)
3corporations
Soleproprietorship
1.Definition
Apersondoingbusinessforhimselforherselfisasoleproprietor;thebusinessorganizationisasoleproprietorship.Thesoleproprietorshipistheoldestandsimplestformofbusinessorganization.
Asaproprietor,apersonmaysimplybegintodobusinesswithoutformalityinenterprisesthatdonotrequireagovernmentlicenseorpermit.Theproprietorgenerallyownsallormostofthebusinesspropertyandisresponsibleforthecontrol,liabilities,andmanagementofthebusiness.
Inasoleproprietorship,legallyandpracticallytheownerrunsthebusiness,andcapitalmustcomefromtheowner’sownresourcesorfromborrowedresources.Thegreatestdisadvantageofthesoleproprietorshipisthelimitedalternativesforraisingcapitalandtheproprietorusuallybearsunlimitedresponsibilitytotheenterprise’sdebt.
2.Characteristics
A.soleproprietorshipissetupbyoneperson;
B.theassetsofproprietorshipbelongstotheinvestor;
C.theinvestorbearsunlimitedliabilitytotheproprietorship’sliability;
D.theproprietorshipisnotalegalperson.
3.Merits
A.itdoesnotneedlargeamountofcapital;
B.itenjoystaxbenefit;
C.it’seasytoorganizeandinexpensivetooperate
4.Demerits
A.it’sverydifficulttoraisecapital;
B.theinvestorbearsunlimitedliability;
C.thebusinessscaleissmall.
Partnerships
1.Definition
Apartnershipisdefinedasanassociationoftwoormorepersonstocarryonabusinessasco-ownersforaprofit.Thepartnersorgeneralpartnerssharecontroloverthebusiness’soperationsandprofits.Manyattorneys,doctors,accountants,andretailstoresareorganizedasgeneralpartnerships.
Apartnershipcanbeginwithanoralagreementbetweentwoormorepersonstodobusinessaspartnersorwithanimpliedagreementthatmaybeinferredfromtheconductofthepartnersastheydobusinesstogether.
Thepartnershipagreementusuallyspecifiessuchmattersasthebusinessname,ownershipinterestsofthepartners,partners’responsibilities,methodofaccounting,durationofthepartnership,andproceduresforthepartnership’sdissolution.
2.Characteristics
A.theadmissionofnewpartnerneedsunanimousconsent
B.partnersareliableforthepartnership’sobligation.
C.partnersbearjointandseparateliability.(连带责任)
3.Merits
A.easytoorganizeandinexpensivetooperate
B.enjoystaxbenefits
C.keepscommercialsecreteprivate
4.Demerits
A.partnersdonotenjoylimitedliability
B.apartner’retirement,bankruptcy,withdrawordeathmaycausethepartnershiptodissolve
Case
刘立、程非、张武三人合伙于二〇〇〇年四月创办生利纸品厂,各出资10万元,二〇〇一年五月张武退伙另图发展,收回了自己的全部合伙投入费及应得的利润。
二〇〇二年七月债权人何强向张武追讨二〇〇〇年七月的欠款2.625万元(含二年的利息5%),张武以自己早已退伙为由拒绝归还,经多次协商未果,向人民法院提起诉讼,要求张武按协议归还欠款及利息2.625万元。
审理:
人民法院在审理中查明,二〇〇〇年四月,刘立、程非、张武自愿合伙创办生利纸品厂,各出资10万元,利益共享,风险共担,有合伙协议为证。
二〇〇一年五月张武退伙,抽回全部合伙投入费10万元及收益分配1.75万元,未对债务承担进行分割。
二〇〇〇年七月,三人共同决定向债权人何强借款7.5万元,两年期利息5%,到期一次偿还7.875万元,由各人承担三分之一,有借款协议为证;
刘立、程非已按协议归还何强借款5.25万元。
判决:
张武在判决生效之日起十日内一次性归还债权人何强借款2.625万元
Corporations
1.Definition
Acorporationisownedbyshareholderswhoelectaboardofdirectorstomanagethebusiness.Shareholdershavelimitedliabilityfortheobligationsofthecorporation.
2.Characteristics
a.Owner’sliability:
theshareholdersenjoythelimitedliability;
b.Existence:
Theexistenceofthecorporationisindependentfromthechangeoftheshareholders.
c.LegalStatus:
acorporationisalegalpersonandalegalentityindependentofitsowners(shareholders)anditsmanagers(officersandboardofdirectors);
d.Management:
themanagementofthecorporationisvestedintheboardofdirectors;
e.Transferabilityofowner’sinterest:
thesharesmaybesoldortransferredtoathirdpersonwithouttheapprovalofthecorporation.
f.Taxation:
acorporationpaysincometaxesonitsincome.Ashareholderwouldhavepersonalincomefromthecorporationwhenthecorporationpayshimadividend.Andtheshareholderspaytaxonthedividends.
3.Merits
A.theinvestorenjoyslimitedliability
B.thebusinessismanagedbyprofessionalmanagers
C.theshareholderscaneasilyexitthecorporationbytransferringtheshares
D.itcaneasilygetmoneyfromthebankorsecuritiesmarket
4.Demerits
A.taxdisadvantage
B.moreexpensivetooperate
C.complexstructure
Case
2002年4月30日,山东省东营某汽车修理有限公司以资金周转困难为由,向王某借款20万元作为生产的流动资金。
双方约定年利率为7%,借款期限为1年,到期连本带息归还。
但到约定的时间,该公司未向王某付款。
汽车修理有限责任公司是由审理石油管理局钻井某公司、香港某公司出资组成的合资公司。
见还款无望,王某将汽车修理有限公司、钻井公司、香港公司诉至法院。
Questions:
1.石油管理局钻井公司、香港公司和汽车修理公司是什么关系?
2.法院该判谁偿还王某的借款?
Unit2formationofcorporation
1.Ingeneral
Theformationofcorporationistheprocessthatthepromoterstriestomeetalltherequirementsinordertoobtainthelegalpersonality.
2.Theconditionsfortheformationofcorporation
Thereareonlyafewrequirementsforincorporation.Theconditionsprescribedbydifferentcountriesvary,butusuallyinclude:
A.thecorporationshallhavequalifiedandadequatepromoters
B.thecorporationshallhaveminimumlegallyrequiredcapital
C.thepromotersshallmakethearticlesofcorporation
D.thecorporationshallhaveitsowncorporatenameandcorporatestructure
E.thecorporationshallhaveitscorporatedomicile
3.Promoters(发起人)
3.1Definition
apersonwhotakestheinitiativeindevelopingandorganizinganewbusinessventure.
3.2Theactivitiesofpromoters
A.arrangenecessarycapitalforthecorporation
B.obtainnecessaryassetsandpersonnel
C.arrangetheproceduresfortheformationofthecorporation
Thecertificateofincorporationanditseffect
Fromthedatewhenacompany’sincorporationformandcopiesofitsmemorandumandarticle,certifiedtobetruecopiesbafoundermember,areregistered,thecompanyisincorporated.Theregistrarwillissueacertificatecertifyingthatthecompanyisincorporatedand,inthecaseofcompanywhosemembershavelimitedliability,thatthecompanyislimited.
Restrictionsonthechoiceofname
Normally,nocompanywillberegisteredbyanamewhichisthenameas:
A.anameappearingintheRegistrar’sindexofcompanyname;
B.thatofabodycorporateestablishedunderanordinance
C.thetypeandcaseofletters,accents,spacesbetweenlettersandpunctuationmarks.
Case
2000年初,某市一有限责任公司开张,登记为“大洋时装有限责任公司”(甲公司),从事服装生产。
2000年底,在离甲公司500米处又有另一家公司开业,从事服装销售,登记名称为“大洋服装商贸有限公司”(乙公司)。
两家公司名称类似,顾客经常混淆。
为此,甲公司向法院提起诉讼,称乙侵犯其名称权。
乙公司主张两家名称并非完全相同,行业也不同。
甲公司为服装生产加工产业,乙公司为商品零售产业,否认自己侵权。
Questions
乙公司是否构成对甲公司名称权的侵犯?
4.Articlesofassociation(公司章程)
4.1introductions
Articlesofincorporation,frequentlycalled“corporatecharter:
or“certificateofincorporation,”areattheheartoftheincorporationprocess.Theymustbefiledwiththecompanyregistrationauthorityinordertoprovidecertainkeyinformationtothegovernmentandtoanypartydealingwiththecorporation.
4.2thememorandumofassociation(公司大纲)
AnotherconstitutionaldocumentsofacorporationinUKandHongKongismemorandumofassociation.Thememorandumofassociationcontainsthenameofthecorporation,theregisteredoffice,theobjectsofthecorporation,theliabilityofitsmembersandtheamountanddivisionofshareswithwhichthecorporationproposestoberegistered,whilethearticlesprescriberegulationsfortheinternalmanagementofthecorporation.InUKandHongKong,acorporationhasbothmemorandumandarticles,whileinUS,thesetwohavebeencombinedinonedocument,articlesofassociation.
5.Businessscopeofcorporation(theobjectsclause)
5.1Ingeneral
Thecorporation'sbusinessscopeshallbedefinedinitsarticlesofassociationandshallberegisteredaccordingtolaw.
5.2Thechangeofbusinessscope
Thecorporationmaychangeitsbusinessscopebymodifyingitsarticlesofassociation,butshallgothroughtheformalitiesformodifyingtheregistration.
5.3transactionsbeyondbusinessscope
A.inChina
(1)thetransactioniseffectiveifitneedsnospecialpermissionfromthegovernment
(2)thetransactionisnoteffectiveifitneedsspecialpermission
B.inUnitedStatesandEngland:
(1)inhistory,it’snoteffectiveduetotheprincipleofUltraVires(越权无效原则)
Historically,anactofacorporationbeyonditspowerswasanullity,asitwasultravires,whichisLatinfor“beyondthepowers”.Therefore,anyactnotpermittedbythecorporationstatuteorbythecorporation’sarticlesofincorporationwasvoidduetolackofcapacity.
AshburyrailwayCarriageandIronCoLtdv.Riche
Acorporationwasincorporatedwiththefollowingobjects:
1)tomake,sell,orhirerailwaycarriagesandwagons;
2)tocarryonthebusinessofmechanicalengineersandgeneralcontractors;and
3)topurchase,lease,work,andsellmines,minerals,landandbuildings.
TheDirectorscontractedtopurchaseaconcessiontobuildarailwayinBelgiumandtoprovideRichewithfinancefortheconstructionoftherailway.Itwasheldthatthecontractwasultraviresandvoid.
(2)nowadays,it’susuallyeffective
Today,theultraviresdoctrineisofsmallimportancefortworeasons.First,nearlyallcorporationshavebroadpurposeclauses,therebypreventinganyultraviresproblem.Secondly,moststatutesdonotpermitacorporationortheotherpartytoanagreementtoavoidanobligationonthegroundthecorporationactionisultravires.
2003年6月,深圳某外贸公司向原告表示能介绍出口到俄罗斯的业务,但要求原告必须办理GOST认证,同时推荐被告为原告办理。
此前原告的产品从未出口到俄罗斯,但俄罗斯广阔的市场需求对原告极具诱惑,为了能作成这笔生意,原告和被告就GOST认证一事于2003年6月24日签订合同,原告为委托方,被告为认证方,认证费用为5
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