ReadershipinShapingFuDonghuasTranslationofGonewit.docx
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ReadershipinShapingFuDonghuasTranslationofGonewit.docx
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ReadershipinShapingFuDonghuasTranslationofGonewit
sTranslationofGonewith
ReadershipinShapingFuDonghuatheWind
Received4November2014;accepted10January2015
Publishedonline26February2015
Abstract
ThisthesisintendstointroduceafewkeyconceptsofthereceptiontheorylikeJauss's“horizonofexpectations”andIser's“theimpliedreader”andapplythemtojustify,intermsofthetranslationstrategies,thefirstChinesetranslationofthenovelGonewiththeWindbyFuDonghua,whichwasoncepopularamongreadersatthattimebutlateronreceivedbittercriticismfromscholarsinthetranslationdomain.
Keywords:
Horizonofexpectations;Theimpliedreader;Reader;Translationstrategy
INTRODUCTION
Theconventionalstudyoftranslationhasmainlyconcentratedonthepursuitoftheanswertotheseeminglysimplequestion“whatconstitutesagoodorsuccessfultranslation?
”
SincetranslatorYanFuproposedtheprincipleof
“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”ahundredyearsago,manyscholarsengagedintranslationstudieshavepresentedalargenumberofpapersforthediscussionofthecriteriainevaluatingatranslation.Itisconsideredforedoomedandself-evidentfortranslatorstobefaithfultoboththeoriginalauthorandtheoriginalwork.Theso-called“oneservantwithtwomasters”isavividexpressiofnthoerelationshipamongtheoriginalauthor,thetranslatorandthereader.Theopinion,featuredbytheemphasisonthetranslator'sfaithfulnesstotheoriginal,hasexercisedfar-reachinginfluenceontranslationtheoryandpractice.
Inrecentyears,theissueofthetranslator'srolehasbecomeacommontopicwhichinterestboththeoristsandtranslators.Withathoroughstudyofthetranslator'scharactersinthem,thesubjectivityofthetranslatorhasbeenmorerecognizedandhighlighted.Asaresult,thetranslatorisliberatedfromthestatusasaservantbutisidentifiedasadynamicsubjectwhichaffectsothercomponentsintranslationpractice.Sometheoristshavegonesofarastoproposethatthetranslatorisendowedwiththeprivilegeofrewritingandmanipulatingtheoriginal.
Itisaregretthatduringthediscussionsoneimportantelementissomehowexcludedoratleastisignored.Ofcourse,mainlyduetotheinfluenceofsomeforeigntheoriessuchasEugeneNida's“dynamicequivalence”theory,thereareindeedmanyscholarswhoholdthatthetranslatorsshouldbeaccountabletoreadersingeneralandthepositionofreadersshouldbehighlighted.However,comparedwiththemainstreamstudyoftheroleoftheoriginalandthetranslator,theresearchonreadershipappearstobesomehowmarginalizedintranslationstudies.Sincetheprocessoftranslationgenerallyconsistsofthreebasicelements:
theoriginaltext,thetranslatorandthereader(ofthetranslation),itseemsneitherreasonablenorpracticaltoattachtheonlyimportancetothefirsttwoelementswhileoverlookingthelastone.Inthisthesis,thewriterwouldliketoconductastudyontheaboveissuebydrawingonsomeessentialnotionsofsometheories,representedbyreceptiontheory.Certainly,therehavebeenafewarticleswrittenonthetranslationstudybyappealingtoreceptiontheoryafteritwasintroducedintoChinaintheearly1980s.Forinstance,intheChineseTranslatorsJournal,thefirstarticlerelatedtoreceptionaesthetics(namelyreceptiontheory)waspublishedinthesixthissueof1989withatitleof“ThoughtsafterTranslating‘TheSkyIsGray'”.JustlikethefunctionalistSkopostheoriewhichisoncemisunderstoodasunsuitableforliterarytranslation,thecasesofapplyingreceptiontheoryintoliterarytranslationarefairlyrareandinfrequent.Thepresentthesisintends,inatentativeway,tointerpretofthefirstChineseversionoftheAmericannovelGonewiththeWindprimarilyfromahistoricalview,bydrawingonsomeessentialconceptionsofreceptiontheory.Naturally,itisnotintheleasttothewriter'spurposetoputforwardaso-calledreader-centeredtranslationprinciple,butitisjustanattemptofprobingintoatypicalcaseofliterarytranslationtojustifytherecognitionofreadershipintranslation.
1.ANOVERVIEWOFRECEPTIONTHEORY
Likemanyothertheories,readerreceptiontheoryisnotsuddenlyestablishedovernight.Infact,longbeforeitsappearancesomethoughtsandconceptsconcerningreadershipwerealreadyrecordedinothernames.Butreadercriticismbecamerecognizedasadistinctcriticalmovementandanintegratedtheoreticalframeworkonlyinthe1960sinGermanyrepresentedbyHansRobertJaussandWolfgangIser.Withamoreaccurateterm“ReceptionAesthetics”(RezeptionsasthetikinGerman),theprimaryfocusofthereaderreceptionapproachfallsonthereaderandthereadingactratherthantheauthororthetextastraditionallypracticedbypreviouscriticaltheorieslikestructuralismandformalism.
Receptiontheoryhighlightsthestatusandroleofthereaderduringtheprocessofreadingandinterpretingthetextinthevalueconcretizationofliterature.Accordingtoreceptiontheory,theliterarytextisendowedwithnofixedandfinalmeaningorvalue;thereisnoonemeaningthatstandsrightforever.Eachtextarousesdifferentresponsesindifferentreaders.Sinceareader'sknowledgeandpresumptionsaboutthetextingeneralarechallenged,affirmedandtransformedduringtheinteractionofthereaderwiththetext,differentreadersareexpectedtomakeresponsesoftheirownwhenfacedwiththesametext.Receptiontheoryisroughlydividedintotwo
directions,representedbyJaussandIserrespectively.
Jaussisdedicatedtothestudyofreadershipwithafocusonthereader'shorizonofexpectationsandaestheticexperience.InthetheoreticalworksofJauss,headoptstheconceptof“horizonofexpectations”inventedbyMannheimandPopper.Theterm“horizonofexpectations”,hasnotbeenpreciselydefinedsincethedayofitscreation.Generallyspeaking,itindicatesthesetofexpectationsagainstwhichreadersperceivethetext.Itgenerallyreferstoanintegrateddemandandlevelforliteraryappreciationwhichareexpressedasapotentialaestheticexpectationinthespecificreadingactivity.Severalfactors,rangingfromtheoutlookoftheworldandlife,thegeneralliteratehorizon,theliterateandartisticattainment,totheliterarycompetence,takeeffectinshapingareader'shorizonofexpectations.
AccordingtoJauss,sometraitsaredisplayedwithregardtotext,reader,andthehorizonofexpectations.First,anewtextcanbeapproachedbytheveryreaderwithacertainknowledgeframework.Withoutthepre-understanding,thereader'scomprehensionofthetextisdoomedtofailurefromtheoutset.Second,thenewtextisconstantlysituatedinahistoricalsettingwiththeexistenceofbothtextsandreceptors.Aninformalreceptionwilloccuronconditionthattheinformationandstyleofthetextarereleasedinsomewaytothereaderinadvance.Withtheformermemoryrecalledandawakenedinthisway,thereaderispreparedforaprospectivereceptionwiththenewtext.Third,thehorizonofexpectationsisinanever-changingprocess.Theprevioushorizonofexpectationswillbetransformedandenhanced,andhencenewhorizonofexpectationswillbegeneratedinthecommunicationbetweennewtextsfortheformerones.
UnlikeJausswhoapplieshimselftothestudyofcollectivereceptionandvastsocialbackground,WolfgangIserdedicateshimselftothestudyofthespecificreadingactivity.Hisprimarycontributionslieintheexpositionandextensionofthetermimpliedreader”andintheresearchontheindeterminaciesandgapsofmeaningwithinthetext.
AccordingtoIser,theimpliedreaderreferstothepossiblereaderwhoissubjecttothestructureofatextandexistsinsidetheauthor,participatinginandaffectinghiswriting.Tobeexact,theimpliedreaderistheoneexpectedtoreadthefutureworkbyacertainauthor.Abstractasitis,theimpliedreaderisbynomeansanentitycreatedpurelyonthebasisoftheimaginationoftheauthor,butisgeneralizedfromagreatdealofinformationbasedonthereadingpracticeoftheactualreader.Therefore,theimpliedreaderisrootedintheactualreaderandboundtochangethelatter.AccordingtoIser,itisin
thereadingprocessthatthetextistransformedintoaliteraryworkinthetruesense.Withouttheparticipationofthereader,thepotentialmeaningwillfailtoberealized.
Accordingtotheabovemainnotionsofreceptiontheory,wecangainsomeinspirationsinthestudyofliterarytranslationinthefollowing.
Firstly,itisconceivablyafactthatthetranslatorwouldbearinmindthetargetofhiswritingandmakeasoundjudgmentofthehorizonoftheexpectationsoftheimpliedreaderinordertobettersatisfyandmeettheneedsofthefuturereaderofthewriting.
Secondly,thehorizonofexpectationsofthereaderissubjecttochangeatthetimeandcircumstanceconcerningthesocialethosandculturalenvironmentischanged.
Thirdly,onconditionthattheimpliedreader'shorizonofexpectationsdisagreesorevenconflictswiththatofthetranslator,differenthorizonscallforanamalgamationinasuccessfulreadingactivity,inthewayeitherthetranslatororthereadercompromises.
Henceitisnotincidentalthatnumerousliteraryworkshadbeenshapeddifferentlyinanotherlanguagebydifferenttranslatorsindifferenteras.Ifweprobeintothesecases,wemayfindreadershipplayedadramaticroleintheprocess,suchasthetranslationoftheGermanplayMotherCourage'sCucumbersintoEnglishandtheEnglishnovelGonewiththeWindintoChinese
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