中国文化英语教程文本.docx
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中国文化英语教程文本.docx
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中国文化英语教程文本
PartIWisdomandBeliefs
Unit1Confucianthoughtonheavenandhumanity
Confucius(551-479BC),knowninChinaasKongzi,givennameQiuandaliasZhongni,wasa
nativeofZouyi(present-dayQufuinShandongProvince)oftheStateofLuduringtheSpringand
AutumnPeriod(770-476BC).Agreatthinker,educatorandfounderofConfucianism,Confuciusis
anancientsagetotheChinesepeople.Hiswordsandlifestorywererecordedbyhisdisciplesand
theirstudentsinTheAnalects(Lunyu).
ConfuciusonHeaven:
thesourceofEverything
IntheShang(1600-1046BC)andZhou(1046-256BC)dynasties,theprevalentconceptof
“Heaven”wasthatofapersonifiedgod,whichinfluencedConfucius.Generally,however,
Confuciusregarded“Heaven”asnature.Hesaid,“Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaks
throughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.”Obviously,heaven
equalednature,intheeyesofConfucius.Moreover,naturewasnotalifelessmechanismseparate
fromhumans;instead,itwasthegreatworldoflifeandtheprocessofcreationoflife.Humanlife
waspartandparcelofnatureasawhole.
ConfuciusonPeople:
renandli
RenandLiarethetwocoreconceptsofConfucius'sdoctrineaboutpeople.
WhenhisstudentsFanChiaskedhimaboutren,Confuciusreplied,“lovepeople”.Thisis
Confucius'mostimportantinterpretationofren.Loveforthepeopleisuniversallove.Confucius
furtheremphasizedthatthiskindofloveshould“beginwiththeloveforone'sparents”.He
believednoonecouldlovepeopleingeneraliftheydidnotevenlovetheirownparents.Confucius
regarded“filialpietyandfraternalduty”astheessenceofren.TheDoctrineoftheMean
(Zhongyong)quotesConfuciusassaying,“Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforone's
parents.”Healsosaid,“Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhaveno
choicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint.”Hedidnotmeanthatchildrenshouldnot
leavetheirparentsatall.Whathemeantwasthatchildrenshouldnotmaketheparentsanxiousabout
themwhileawayfromhome.Confuciussaidagain,“Childrenshouldthinkoftenoftheageoftheir
parents.Theyshouldfeelhappyforthehealthandlongevityoftheirparents.Theyshouldalsofeel
concernfortheagingoftheirparents.”
Byren,Confuciusmeantuniversallovebasedonloveforone'sparents.Howshouldpeople
loveoneanotherthenConfuciussaid,“Oneshouldbeawarethatotherpeoplemayhavesimilar
desiresasoneself.Whilefulfillingone'sdesires,allowotherstofulfilltheirdesiresaswell.”He
furthersaid,“Donotdotowardothersanythingyouwouldnotwanttobedonetoyou.”Thus
fromoneselftoone'sfamily,fromfamilytosociety,oneshouldextendlovetoallpeople.Mencius
(c.372-289BC),agreatConfucianscholar,bestsummarizedrenas,“lovingone'sparents,loving
thepeople,lovingeverythingintheworld.”
Lireferstorituals,traditionsandnormsinsociallife.Ofthese,Confuciusregardedburialrituals
andancestralworshipritualsasthemostimportant,becausetheyrosefromhumanfeelings.Hesaid,
“Achildshouldnotleavehisparents'bosomuntilheisthreeyearsold.”Henaturallylovehis
parents.Theritualofwearingmourningforadeceasedparentforthreeyearswasanexpressionofthe
child'sloveandremembrance.
ConfuciusontheStateoflife
BeforeConfucius,onlythenobilityhadtherighttoeducation.HewasthefirstfigureinChinese
historytoinitiateprivateeducation.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,Confuciustaughtformanyyears
andtrained3,000disciples.Atotalof72ofthemexcelledinthe“sixarts”,.,ritual,music,archery,
(carriage)driving,calligraphy,andmathematics.Agreateducator,Confuciushasbeenadmiredbylater
generationsasthe“sageofsages”.
Confuciusbelievedthebasicgoalofeducationwastocultivate“personsofvirtue”,who
shouldhavesoundcharacterandupliftedminds.Suchpeopleshouldbeabletoshoulderimportant
socialresponsibilitiesandtomakecontributionstosociety.Confuciusregardedloftyideals,great
virtue,loveofpeople,andthe“sixarts”asthegeneralprinciplesofeducation.Ofthese,virtuewas
themostimportant.Hisstudentswereinvolvedinavarietyofprofessions,includingpolitics,trade,
education,diplomacy,ritualceremony,andclassifyingancientbooks.Whatevertheydid,theyall
wantedtoimprovetheirlearningofthehumanitiesandtoenhancetheirvirtue.
Unit2Laozi'sphilosophyofNon-action
ThebookLaoziwaswrittenaroundthesixthcenturyBC.Theauthorisgenerallybelievedtobe
LaoDan,orLaozi–areclusewholivedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Fewrecordshave
survivedaboutLaoDan,whowassaidtohaveonceheldalowcivilpositionintheroyalcourt,in
chareofthearchivalrecordsoftheZhouDynasty.Yet,duetohisgreatlearning,evenConfuciuswas
saidtohavetraveledmilestoconsulthim.
Laozi,alsoknownasClassicoftheWayandVirtue(DaoDeJing),consistsofjustover5,000
Chinesecharacters.Its81chaptersaredividedintotwoparts,Dao(theWay)andDe(Virtue).Short
asitis,thebookhasplayedatremendousroleinthedevelopmentofChineseculture.Itbecamethe
basisofDaoism,theschoolofphilosophyparalleltoConfucianisminancientChina.Thethoughtof
LaoziformedthefoundationofDaoism,themostinfluentialindigenousschoolofreligioninChina.
Ithasalsoexertedadirectimpactonthecharacteristics,trendsofthoughtandaestheticsensibilities
oftheChinesenation.TodayLaozistillplaysaroleinthedevelopmentofChinesethinking.
NaturalnessandNon-action
“Naturalness”isanimportantconceptofLaozi'sphilosophy.Itreferstoanaturalstateof
being,anattitudeoffollowingthewayofnature.Laoziemphasizedthateverythingintheworldhas
itsownwayofbeinganddevelopment:
birdsflyinthesky,fishswiminthewater,cloudsfloatinthe
sky,flowersbloomandflowersfall.Allthesephenomenaoccurindependentlyandnaturallywithout
followinganyhumanwill,andhumansshouldnottrytochangeanythingnatural.Laoziadmonished
peopletogiveuponanydesiretocontroltheworld.Followingthewayofnatureisthewayto
resolvingconflictsbetweenhumansandtheworld.
“Non-action”isanotherimportantconceptofLaozi'sphilosophy.Itistheguaranteeof
“Naturalness”.Laozisaid,“(DaoortheWay)actsthroughnon-action,”bywhichhedidno
meanthatoneshoulddonothingandpassivelywaitforsomethingtobeachieved.Neitherdidhe
denyhumancreativity.Whathemeantisthathumanenterprisesshouldbebuiltonthebasisof
naturalness,notonmanyattemptstointerrupttherhythmofnature.Humancreativityshouldbein
compliancewiththewaysofnature.
ThephilosophyofNon-contention
Onthebasisof“naturalness”and“non-action”,Laoziproposedtheviewof
“overcomingthestrongbybeingweak”.TheeraLaozilivedinwasrepletewithendlesswars.
Therefore,warwasanimportanttremeforphilosophers,andant-warthinkingwasthenorm.Even
thegreatstrategistSunziadvocated“winningawarwithoutfightingit”,nottomentionthegreat
thinkerConfucius,whostronglychampionedagovernmentbasedonlove.TheircontemporaryMozi
(c.468-376BC),founderofMohism,alsocondemnedwarswhilecallingfor“loveforall”.
AccordingtoLaozi,warspringsfromhumanity'sbloateddesires.Conflictarisesoutof
people'sstrugglestosatisfytheirdesires,andconflictescalatesintowar.Therefore,Laozi's
philosophyisbasedon“non-contention”.Tohim,humanstrivingandcompetitivestrifeisthe
rootcauseofdecline;desiringnothingisthenaturalwayoflife.
Laozisaid,“Thegreatestvirtueislikewater.”Hecomparedhisphilosophyof
“non-contention”towater,todistinguishitfromthelawofthejungle.Hesaid,“Waternourishes
everythingbutcontendsfornothing.”ToLaozi,humanstendtoseekhigherpositionswhilewater
alwaysflowstolowerplaces.Drivenbydesire,humanslikewhatevertheythinkissuperiorwhile
despisingwhatevertheythinkisinferior.Yetwateralwaysflowsdownward.Asthesourceoflife,
waternourishesalllivingthingsonEarth.Nolifecanexistwithoutwater.Watercontributestothe
worldwithoutregardforgainorloss.Remaininglow,levelandtranquil,waterembracesandreflects
everythingunderheaven.Thewayofwateriscompletelydifferentfromthewayofpeoplewithavid
desires.
ButthephilosophyofLaoziisbynomeansweak.Onthecontrary,itisfullofstrength.
AccordingtoLaozi,wateraccumulatesgreatstrengthinitsweaknessandquietude.Itsstrengthcan
breakdownallbarriersintheworld.Hesaid,“Nothingintheworldisweakerthanwater.Yet
nothingisstrongerthanwaterwhenitcomestobreakingsomethingstrong.”Waterisatypical
exampleoftheweakwinningoverthestrong.Waterisinvinciblebecauseitdesiresnothingand
contendsfornothing.
Unit3ChineseBuddhistCulture
WhoamIWhereamIfromWhereamIgoing
Menaremortal.Butdeathisnotanonce-and-for-allthing.TheyentertherotatingWheelofSix
Realms:
Heaven,Human,Asura,Animal,HungryGhost,Hell.
Documentsstoredincomputercanbecanceledatwill,butwhatwehavedoneinourlife,and
actuallyinourinnumerablelives,cannot.Whathasbeendonehasbeendone.Theinformationis
storedinyourtrue“self”,notthephysicalone,andwillaccompanyyoulifeafterlife,and
determineswhichRealmyouenter.Onlywhenwearecompletelyfreefromlust,hatred,andfolly,can
wemanagetobreakawayfrom
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