语言学概论语言学课后习题答案.docx
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语言学概论语言学课后习题答案.docx
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语言学概论语言学课后习题答案
语言学概论语言学课后习题答案
P73.Discusstherelationofarbitrarinessandrules?
Wordsarearbitraryinform,buttheyarenotrandomintheiruse.Althoughthelinkbetweenformandmeaningisarbitrary,thereexistedcertainrelationshipbetweenthem,whichcanbecalledrules.Theindividualdoesnothavethepowertochangeasigninanywayonceithasbecomeestablishedinthelinguisticcommunity.
P12
explaintheprimacyofhumanlanguageoveranimal
communication.
Humanlanguageisprimaryoveranimalcommunicationinthefollowingaspects:
1)Humanhastheabilitytorefertothingsfarremoteintimeandspace.Incontrast,itmaybeimpossibleforananimaltoconveysuchability.
2)Humanhastheabilitytoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofnovelutterances,butnoanimalcancommunicatecreativelywithanotheranimal.
3)Learningismuchmoreimportantasafactorinhumanlanguagethaninanimalcommunication.
4)Humanlanguagestructureandlanguageusearevastlymorecomplexthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.
5)Animalcommunicationsystemsareclosed-ended,whereashumanlanguagesareopen-ended.
P181.Identifythefunctionsofthefollowingsentences.
a)Ilikeyourhouseverymuch.b)Inowdeclarethemeetingclosed.c)Nicetomeetyou d)ImetMaryinthelibrarythismorning.
a.Physiologicalfunctionb.Performativefunctionc.Phaticfunctiond.Informative
function
P24 listfiveChineseonomatopoeticwords
轰隆、乒乓、叽叽嘎嘎、叽里咕噜、汪汪
arethefunctionsofonomatopoeticwords?
Onomatopoeticwordsareimitationsofthesoundsofnature,andemotionalejaculationsofpain,fear,surprise,pleasure,anger,etc.Accordingtotheinventiontheory,onomatopoeticwordsformthebasisoflanguage,oratleastthecoreofthebasicvocabulary.
P28istherealobjectoflinguistics?
Therealobjectoflinguisticsistofindoutfundamentalrulesthatunderlieallthelanguagesintheworld.Weneedtolookintothecommonfeaturesofalllanguages,therangeofvariationsamonglanguages,thedifferenceofhumanlanguagesfromanimalcommunication,thechangeandevolutionoflanguage,therelationoflanguagetomindandsociety,andsoon.
P581.Whatisaphoneme?
Andwhatisanallophone?
Phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunitssusceptibleofconcomitantoccurrence.Inotherwords,aphonemeisablockthat
cannotbebrokendownintosmallerparts;itisthesmallestelementrelevanttophonemicanalysis.Allophoneisthephoneticvariantofaphoneme.
P621.Whatdoestheword'distinctive'meanintheterm'distinctivefeatures'?
Distinctivefeaturescanbeusedtodistinguishonephonemefromanotheroronegroupofsoundsfromanothergroup.Thus,\
P651.Whatdoescomplementarydistributionmean?
Whentwoormoresoundsneveroccurinanidenticalphonemiccontextorenvironment,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Thatistosay,complementarydistributionreferstothecaseinwhichoneoftwoormoresoundsoccurinacontexttotheexclusionofothersound(s),inacontextinwhichtheothersound(s)neveroccur(s).
P69 2.WhatistheimportanceofstressinEnglish?
StressinEnglishisveryimportant.Englishisastresslanguage.TherhythmofspokenEnglishistoaverylargeextentdeterminedbystrongbeatsfallingonthestressedsyllablesofwords.Thus,atypicalspokenutteranceofEnglishwillconsistofanumberofrhythmicunits.Eachunitisdominatedbythebeatofthestressedsyllable.Inverse,thewordingischaracteristicallyanddeliberatelyorganizedtoyieldaregularrhythm,andtheunitsofthisrhythmarecommonlycalled'feet'.ThiskindofrhythmputsacharacteristicstamponthenatureofspokenEnglish.
P75 3.Howcanyouidentifythemeaningofaword?
Apartfromtheconceptualmeaning(alsocalled\\or\connotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,andcollocativemeaning.Wecanturntothedictionaryforitsconceptualmeaning.Asforitsvariousassociatedmeanings,however,wehavetorelatethewordwithitscontext,includingthelinguisticcontextaswellasthecontextofsituationandthecontextofculture.
P821.Dividethefollowingwordsintomorphemesbyplacinga\
eachmorphemeandthenext.
1)unbearable2)watchful3)personification4)unexceptionally5)uneducated6)inspiring7)soft-hearted8)horsemanship
1.1)un-+bear+-able2)watch+-ful3)person+-ify(i)+-cation
4)un-+except+tion+-al+-ly5)un-+educate+-(e)d6)inspir(e)+-ing7)soft+heart+-ed8)horse+man+-ship
3.Howmanyallomorphsdoesthepluralformshave?
Thepluralshas3phonologically-conditionedallomorphs...and5morphologically-conditionedallomorphs:
(1)-(e)s,asin\\
(2)-(r)en:
asin\
and(5)zero,asin\
P93 2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenlexemeandword?
Alexemereferstothesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunitswhereasawordreferstothesmallestformofalanguagethatcanoccurbyitself.Alexememaybeormaynotbeidenticalwithaword.Forexample,thedefinitearticle\thelexeme\
P100 1.Isimmediateconstituentanalysiseffectivetoexplaindiscontinuous
constituents?
No.Immediateconstituentanalysisissolelyconcernedwiththesurfacestructuresoflanguage,whichonlyshowsthephysicalmanifestationofthelanguage,forexample,linearorderofasentence.Oneapproachtoexplainsentenceswithdiscontinuousconstituentsistorepresentthembytwophrasemarkers,whichwillbestructurallyrelated.Onephrasemarkerisderivedfromanother.Bytransformationalgrammar,thediscontinuousconstituentscanbeaccountedforeffectively.Transformationalrulesareresponsibleforthegenerationofinfinitelymanyphrasemarkersnotgenerateddirectlybythephrase-structurerules.
2.Diagramtheconstituentstructureofeachofthefollowing.
(a)averyoldwoodenhousedownthelane(b)Hisoldfriendarrivedyesterday.
P103 2.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawatreediagram
ofconstituentstructureforeachofthefollowingsentences:
(a)Asmartboyfooledtheclass.
(b)Thepaviliononthehillcollapsedinthewind.
(c)Everybodyknewthatthepresidentwouldwintheelection.
P1101.Drawthetreediagramsforthefollowingsentences:
(1)ShefoundabookonMadisonStreet.
(2)JackadvisedHenrytoseethedentist.(3)JackpromisedHenrytoseethedoctor.
P115Exercises:
Whatistherelationshipbetweensurfacestructureanddeepstructure?
Surfacestructurecanbederivedfromdeepstructure.Asurfacestructuremayberepresentedbymorethanonephrasemarker,whichinsenseisthesametoasinglephrasemarker.Thisonesinglephrasemarkerissaidtobethedeepstructure.Intheoperationfromdeepstructuretosurfacestructure,phrasestructurerulesandmodificationsareneededtoadd,delete,orpermuteconstituents.Therelationsbetweendeepandsurfacestructuresaretoberevealedthroughtransformationalrules.Inthisprocess,theorderorhierarchicrelationshipoftheconstituentsistobechanged.Theactualpronunciationisbasedonthesurfacestructure
P1201.Theformationofmanysentencesinvolvestheoperationofsyntactic
movement.Showthedeepstructuresforeachoffollowingsentences.(a)Thebossofthebuscompanywasseverelycriticizedbythepublic.(b)Thewomanthrewtherakeawayintheyard.(c)Willthenewschoolmasterhireher?
(a)TherelevantpartsforthepassivetransformationalruleoftheabovesentencearethesubjectNP(herethepublic),theobjectNP(heretheboss,whichwillchangepositionswiththepublic),theV(criticize)andAUX,andthenabe+enauxiliarywillbeinserted.Thedeepstructureshouldbeitscorrespondingactivevariant,whichisThepubliccriticizedthebossofthebuscompanyseverely.
(b)InthederivationofThewomanthrewtherakeawayintheyard.,theunderlyingstructure,Thewomanthrewawaytherakeintheyard.isalsothedeepstructure.Itisgeneratedbythephrase-structurerules,includingtherulewhichstatesthataV(verb)consistsofaVprt(verbs
thatcancombinewithverbalparticles)andaPrt(verbalparticles).Inthesurfacestructure,anewphrasemarkerisproducedinwhichtheparticleismovedtotherightoftheNP.
(c)Thequestionruleformulatesthatinordertoformayes-noquestionfromthedeclarativesentence,movethefirstauxiliaryverbofthemainsentence(inthiscase,will)immediatelybeforethefirstNPofthatsentence(here,thenewschoolmaster).So,thedeepstructureofthequestionshouldbeitsdeclarativevariant,whichisThenewschoolmasterwillhireher.
2.Pleasedisplaythetransformationalrulesinvolvedinthefollowingsentences.
(a)Whatcanthecomputerprogramdoforus?
Awhinterrogativesentenceisderivedbyamovementrulefromadeepstructuresimilartothatofthedeclarativecounterpart.So,thesentencelikeWhatcanthecomputerprogramdoforus?
wouldderivefromadeepstructureintheformofThecomputerprogramcando\thissentence,theobjectisfronted.First,theinterrogativetransformationwhichswitchesroundtheauxiliaryverbcanandthesubjectthecomputerprogram-knownas'I'(inflexion)movement,andinthesecondstep,a'wh'transformation-knownas'wh'movement-thatmovesthenounphrasewhat-\content\tothefrontofthesentence,seethefollowingdiagram.
(b)ThewindowwasbrokenbyJack.
Thissentenceistraditionallycalledthe\sentence,anditsvariantis\Thispairisbroadly
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