长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语.docx
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长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语.docx
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长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语,希望大家也能用得上:
差别
gapsbetween,differentiatebetween,discrepancies,nointergroupdifference
NostatisticallysignificantdifferencesinsurvivalwerefoundforMMCorMPMA.
AlthoughMMCandMPMAdecreasedwithincreasingnucleargradeandTNMstage,thisdifferencefailedtoachievestatisticalsignificance.
存在,出现
occurred,occurrence,existed,existence,presence,present
多数,少数
theoverwhelmingmajorityof,inthemajorityofcases,amarkedmajority,handful
方法
approaches,avenues,methods,techniques,means,tools
发生率
Incidence,frequency,prevalence
Incontrastwithregionsofhighincidence,themutationspectrumdidnotshowahighprevalenceofmutationsatA:
Tbasepairs.
发现,阐明,报道,证实
verify,confirm,elucidate,identify,define,characterize,clarify,establish,ascertain,explain,observe,illuminate,illustrate,demonstrate,show,indicate,exhibit,presented,reveal,display,manifest,suggest,propose,estimate,prove,imply,disclose,report,describe,facilitatetheidentificationof,screening,isolation
改变
change,alteration,
高,增加
high,enhanced,elevated,increased,forced
各种,多种
inmultipletypesofneoplasia,invarioustypesofapoptosis,inavarietyoftumors
关系,相关,参与
closelyinvolvedin,associated,
广泛的
inanextensivesurvey
进行
conducte,perform,carryout,
降,少,缺
decrease,reduction,reduced,diminish,loss,suppression,deficient,low,weak,faint,light,absence,absent,undetectable,lack,defective,negative,poor,impaired,greatlyreducedorcompletelyabsent,frequentlylostordown-expressed,presenteddiscontinuousandweakerexpression,completelynegative,wasnotdetectableordramaticallyreduced,veryfaint,wasundetectableorbarelydetectable,noexpressionwasfound,
角色,起作用
role,part(limited,potential,early,possiblerole),serveantiapoptoticfunctions
可能性
feasibility
密切地
intimately
难理解的,似谜的
enigmatic(xremainsenigmatic)
潜在假定的
potential,candidate,putative,
缩写
abbreviations
识别,辨别
discernment
事件
Metastasistotheliverisacommoneventinclinicaloncology.
aputativetumorinitiatingevent
a(more,extremely,highly,rather,fairly)commoninitial,
acommoneventinthesignaltransductionmechanismsof,inthesignaltransductionprocesses
acommoneventassociatedwiththemechanismsof
acommonearlyeventinresponsesof,afterhigh-dosechemotherapy
acommoneventfollowinggestationalexposuretoimmunotoxicants
acommonevent(thatoccurs)duringapoptosisis……
acommoneventduringoncogenictransformation,inneoplastictransformationthatdirectlyorindirectlyinvolvesactivationofspecifictyrosinekinasesignalingpathways
acommoneventthroughwhich
acommoneventinvivo
arathercommoneventofunknownbiologicalsignificance
acommoneventresultingfromheterogeneousaberrations
acommoneventregardlessofhistologicalsubtyping,butdoesnotbearanypejorativesignificance
acommoneventcontributingto
arare,common,prerequisite,central,major,transient,initiation,stressful,critical,crucial,secondary,independent,regulatory,early,earlier,late,later,subsequent,circumstantial,untoward,upstream,irreversible,veryfrequentevent
提供,帮助
provide,supply,help(to),contributeto,offer,allow,dedicate,devote,assistin
调节(失调,上调,下调)
dis-regulation,dys-regulation,up-regulation,up-expression,over-expression,down-expression,down-regulation,
推测
presume,speculate,confer,conjecture,guess,deduce,deduction(推论)
无所不在地(表达,如MEN1)
ubiquitously
显著,优先的
prominent,pronounced,obvious,marked,predominant,strong,striking,notable,Conspicuously,remarkably,significant,preferential,prevalence,prevalent,
相关性
related,morerelevantwith,therelevanceof
nointergroupdifference,irrespectiveof
Therewasnosignificantcorrelationtogender,age,clinicalsymptoms,histology,TorNstatus,TNMstage,ortumorlocation.
NeithereNOSnornNOSexpressionwasassociatedwithvasculardensity,tumorgradeortheTNMstatusofthetumors.
NocorrelationswerefoundbetweenbFGFandage,menopausalstatus,TNMorpTNM,histology,SBRgradingorsteroidreceptors.
wedidnotfindanycorrelationbetweenbaxexpressionandanyclinicopathologicparameters(sex,age,TNMstatus,tumorgrade,histologicaltype).
相同,同等并列
ThecoordinatedinductionofallthreeFOXO3atargetspromptedustoexaminethestatusofFOXO3aitself
withasimilarpatternto
协同,加强
synergizewith
研究
analysis,survey,study,research,investigation,experiments,trial,observations,assessment,inquiry,examinations,pursueinvestigationinto,analyze,detect,determinate,befocusedon,measure,examine,test,assess,evaluate,explore,
一致
whichisinaccordwiththeresults
whichcorroboratedtheresults
whichsupportedtheresults
优缺点
meritsanddrawbacks,beneficialanddetrimental
异常
aberration,abnormality
重要
crucial,key,important,major,beofcriticalimportance
相反
Onthecontrary,
Incontrary,
butquiteonthecontrary
insharpcontrast,
contrarytowhatwouldbeexpected
Contrarytotheexpectationthat
Contrarytopreviousbeliefs,
Contrarytothehypothesis,
Contrarytocurrentpopulartruisms
Contrarytocurrentcognitivetheories,
However,contrarytoexpectation,…….
Contrarytopredictions,…
incontrasttopreviousobservations…
Contrarytoprediction,……
Contrarytomostpreviousclaims,
与一起
incombinationwith,coupledwith
由于、鉴于
Inlightof
Inviewthat
1.增补(Addition)
inaddition另外,furthermore此外,again,also,besides,moreover此外 ,similarly,finally最后
2.比较(Comparison)
inthesameway,likewise同样地,similarly,equally,incomparison比较起来,justas同样地
3.对照(Contrast)
whereas然而,incontrast与此相反,ontheotherhand,instead同样,however然而,nevertheless然而,unlike,eventhough即使,onthecontrary,while
4.因果(Causeandeffect)
because,for,since,dueto,owingto,thanksto,asaresult(of),accordingly,hence,thus
5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly,aboveall,indeed,ofcourse,surely,actually,asamatteroffact,chiefly,especially,primarily,inparticular,undoubtedly,absolutely,mostimprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although,though,afterall,inspiteof,nevertheless,still,provided,whileitistrue....
7.例证(Exemplification)
forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,suchas,inotherwords,inthiscase,bywayofillustration.
8.总结(Conclusion)
tosumup,toconclude,inaword,inshort,inbrief,allinall,inall,toputitinanutshell,insummary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore,asaresult(of),consequently,accordingly,so,otherwise
10.时间和空间(Timeandspace)
afterward,after,first,later,then,soon,outside,near,beyound,above,below,ontheright(left),inthemiddle,opposite,infrontof
11.启承转合
1)、启
Aproverbsays......Atpresent.......
Astheproverbsays....Currently.....
Generallyspeaking,....Now,....
Ingeneral,.....OntheWhole....
Itisclearthat....Recently.....
Itisoftensaidthat....Withoutdoubt,.......
2)、承
First(ofall),......Moreover,.........
Firstly,............Noonecandenythat....
Inthefirstplace,.........
Tobeginwith,.........Ofcourse,.........
Also,.......Similarly,.........
Atthesametime......Therefore,weshouldrealizethat.....
Certainly......Thereisnodoubtthat.......
Inaddition,.....What`smore,..........
Infact........Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat...
Meanwhile......
3)、转
But...Still,......
Buttheproblemisnotsosimple...
Thereisacertainamountoftruthinthis,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto.......
However,
.......Tooursurprise,..........
Nevertheless,........Unfortunately.......
Ontheotherhand,.......
YetdifferencewillbefoundandthatiswhyIfeelthat........
Othersmayfindthistobetrue,butIdonot.Ithink.....
4)、合
Aboveall,Inbrief,........
Accordingly,.....Inconclusion,........
Allinall,.......
Inotherwords,itishardtoescapetheconclusionthat........
Asaconsequence,.........Inshort,.........
AsIhaveshown/said/stated/....Insum,........
Insummary,.......Ashasbeennoted,....
Obviously,.........Bysodoing,.....
Onthewhole,.....Consequently,........
Presumably,.......Eventually,.........
Toconclude,......Finally,........
Tosumup,.....Inaword,......
Tosummarize,.....
====================================
当年为了凑字数发现的高端大气上档次的词和短语==
1.individuals,characters替换(people,persons)
2.positive,favorable,rosy(美好的),promising(有希望的),perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superior替换good
3.dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有belessimpressive替换
eg:
Anarmyofcollegestudentsindulgethemselvesinplayinggames,enjoyingromancewithgirls/boysorkillingtimepassivelyintheirdorms.Whenitapproachestograduation,asaresult,theyfindtheiracademicrecordsarelessimpressive.
4.(anarmyof,anoceanof,aseaof,amultitudeof,ahostof,many,ifnotmost)替换many.
注:
用many,ifnotmost 一定要小心,many后一定要有词。
eg:
Manyindividuals,ifnotmost,harbortheideathat….同理用most,ifnotall,替换most.
5.asliceof,quiteafew,several替换some
6.harbortheideathat,taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelysharedthat,
itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat替换think(因为是书面语,所以要加that)
7.affair,business,matter替换thing
8.shared替换common
9.reaphugefruits替换getmanybenefits)
10.formypart,frommyownperspective替换inmyopinion
11.Increasing(ly),growing替换moreandmore( 注意没有growingly这种形式。
所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly.
eg:
sthhasgainedgrowingpopularity.Sthisincreasinglypopularwiththeadvancementofsth.
12.littleifanything, 或littleornothing替换hardly
13.beneficial,rewarding替换helpful,
14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer
15.exceedingly,extremely,intensely替换very
16.hardlyn
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