高中英语语法专题及练习.docx
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高中英语语法专题及练习.docx
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高中英语语法专题及练习
高中英语语法及练习
(一)
定语从句
(一)定义
在一个复合句中,如果一个名词或相当于一个名词的词被一个句子修饰,那么这个句子就是定语从句。
构成
先行词+引导词+句子
引导词的分类
1.关系代词及其用法:
指人:
who/that(作主语或宾语)whom(做宾语)whose(表所有)
指物:
which/that(作主语或宾语)whose(表所有)
eg:
(1).Themanwho/thatiswearingaredhatisMrSmith.
(2).Thebookwhich/thatisonthedeskismine.
(3).Themanwhosesonisasoldierisstandingunderthetree.
(4).Thebookwhosecoverisredismysister’s.
(5).Theman(whom/who/that)myfatheristalkingtoisMrSmith.
(6).Thebook(which/that)youareholdingismine.
(二).分类限定性和非限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用;非限定定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用.在非限定定语从句中,先行词与从句之间往往有逗号隔开.
eg:
1.Hehastwosons,whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)
2.Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(hehasmorethantwosonsperhaps.)
关系代词的作用:
(1).连接作用:
关系代词引导从句,把主句和从句连接起来.
(2).替代作用:
关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词.
(3).成分作用:
关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分.
关系代词的用法与分类的三个依据:
(1).根据所引导的从句的限定性和非限定性.
(2).根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物.
(3).根据它在从句的所充当的成分-----主语、宾语、表语、或定语。
关系代词that和which的用法:
限定性定语从句只能用that的情况:
1.当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,anything,everything,nothing,none,theone时:
eg:
(1).Doyouhaveanythingelsethatyouwanttosayforyourself?
你还有要为自己说的话了吗?
(2).Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.
你应该上缴你所有的东西。
2.当先行词前有theonlythevery(恰好)any,few,little,no,all等词修饰时。
eg:
(1).ThisistheverybusthatIamwaitingfor.
(2).Theonlythingthatwecangiveyouissomemoney.
3.当先行词是形容词最高级或被最高级修饰时
eg:
(1).ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveseen.
4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
eg:
(1).ThetrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.
5.当先行词即有人又有物时。
Eg:
(1).Doyouknowthepersonsandthingsthattheyaretalkingabout?
6.当主句的疑问词是who或which时。
Eg:
(1).Whichisthebikethatyoulost?
(2).Whoistheboythatwonthegoldmedal?
7.有两个定语从句时,其中一个宜用which,另一个宜用that.
eg:
(1).Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.
8.先行词在句子中作表语,而关系代词在句子中也作表语时.
eg:
(1).Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.
当先行词是物/事时,只能用which的情况:
1.在非限定定语从句中只能用which.
eg:
Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantoothers,whichmadetheothersenvyhim.
2.当动词短语的介词提前时,只能用which.
eg:
ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.
有关练习:
1.Irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomething____wassomeoneelse’sfault.
A.whoB.thatC.asD.what
2.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons______herememberedintheschool.
A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what
3.Thegirlinplainclothes,______waswonderfullycamlinfaceofdanger,wasjustsixteenyearsold.
A.whenB.whichC.whatD.who
4.Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,___turnedouttobeawisedecision.
A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where
5.Thisisoneofthemostinterestingfilms_____shownlastweek.
A.whichB.thatwasC.whichwereD.thatwere
答案BBDBD
关系代词whowhomwhose和that的用法:
在从句中作主语时,用who/that,不可省略;在从句中作宾语时,用whom/that/who,可以省略;在从句中作定语时用whose,不可省略。
可指人也可指物,whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich或ofwhich+the+n.(指物);whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhom或ofwhom+the+n.(指人)。
eg:
(1).Sheisthegirlwho/thatlivesnextdoor.
(2).That’thegirlwhom/who/thatIteach.
(3).Thisisthescientistwhoseachievementarewellknown
(4).Thisisthehousewhosewindowbrokelastnight.=Thisisthehouse,thewindowofwhichbrokelastnight=Thisisthehouse,ofwhichthewindowbrokelastnight.
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句指物时关系代词只能用which,指人时只能用whom.即介词+which/whom.
介词选择的几种情况:
所属关系用of;动词短语中固有的介词;根据语境临时选用的介词。
eg:
(1).Ipickedsomeapples,someofwhichwerebad.
(2).Ihaveseenmanyforeingers,mostofwhomarefromEurope
(3).Hehastensons,halfofwhomaresoldiers.
(4).ThisisthegirlfromwhomIlearnedthenews.
(5).Heisthemanonwhomyoucandepend.
(6).Thehousehasmanysmallwindows,throughwhichlightcangointoit.
但是一些动词短语是固定的,其介词不能提前:
lookafter;lookfor;lookforwardto;takecareof.
eg:
Isthistheknifewhichyouarelookingfor?
(for不能提前)。
注意:
请辨别下列一组句子,
注意下列句子的定义:
Ipickedsomeapples
.someofthem
;someofthemwerebad.
and/butsomeofthem
someofwhich
有关练习:
1.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_____hecanseewhatwasgoingoninside.
A.whichB.throughwhich
C.thatD.throughthat
2.Childrenwhoarenotactiveor____dietishighinfatwillgainweightquickly.
A.whatB.whose
C.whichD.that
3.Inthedarkstreettherewasnobody___hecouldturnforhelp.
A.thatB.whom
C.inwhomD.towhom
4.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,____Ihadevermetbefore.
A.noneofthem;B.allofwho
C.noneofwhomD.allofthese
5.MyfriendJennifer,_____helpIhavemadegreatprogressinmystudies,willleaveforCanadanextweek.
A.inwhoseB.inher
C.withwhoseD.withher
6.ThevoiceofChinaisaprogram_____theyoungareveryfamiliarinChina.
A.inwhichB.towhichC.bywhichD.withwhich
7.Ourcountryhasalonghistoryandlotsofinterestingcustoms,_____weareveryproud.
A.ofwhichB.withwhichC.inwhatD.forwhich
在限制性定定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句末尾时,可用that/which(指物);that/whom/who(指人)。
作介词宾语,而且可以省略。
Eg:
Thisistheherothat/who/whomweareproudof.(可省略)。
Thisisthepenthat/whichIwrotetheletterwith.(可以省略).
答案:
BBDCCBA
复合介词短语+关系代词which引导的定语从句,这种定语从句常常与先行词用逗号分开,定义从句常用倒装句。
eg:
Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodatalltree.
关系代词as引导的定语从句:
关系代词as即可引导限定性定语从句,也可引导非限定性定语从句,as在句中作主语、宾语、或表语。
引导限定性定语从句常用于下列句式:
1.Such+名词+as像……一样,像…..之类。
2.thesame+名词+as…和……同样的.
(1).Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(主语)
(2).Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.(宾语)
Heisnotthesamemanashewas.
(表语)。
注意:
such…as…引导的定语从句和such…that…引导的结果状语从句的区别:
Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.
Heissuchacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.
as,which的区别:
as引导的非限定性定语从句,即可放在主句前,也可放在主句后,还可插入主句中。
而which引导的非限定性定语从句只能置于主句后。
相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容,而不是主句的某个词。
eg:
Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexcept.
当非限定性定语从句放在主句前时,只能用as.主要有以下句式:
asanybodycansee正如人人能看到的那样;asiswell-known=asisknown
toall众所周知;aswehadexcepted正如我们所预料的那样;asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样;ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述;asismentionedabove正如上面提到的。
注意下列典型表达:
Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(as引导的是非限定性定语从句前置)。
=Themoontravelsaroundtheearthonceevery
month,as/whichisknowntoeverybody.(as/which引导的非限定性定语从句后置)。
=Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(it是形式主语,that引导的是主语从句)。
=Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(what…everybody是主语从句;is后是表语从句)。
有关练习:
1.Ihaveboughtthesamedress____sheiswearing.
A.asB.thatC.whichD.than
2.Canyousolvesuchproblems__raised
bytheaudience?
A.whatwereB.aswereC.thatwereD.whichwere
3.HemustbefromAfrica,_____canbe
Seenfromhisskin.
A.thatB.asC.itD.what
4____isreportedinthenewspapers,talk
betweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.
A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What
5.TheBeatle,____manyofyouareoldenoughtoremember,camefromLiverpool.
A.WhatB.thatC.howD.as
答案:
ABBBD
2.关系副词的用法
当先行词在定语从句作状语时,要用关系副词.其中when=表示时间的介词(in;at;on;during等)+which;where=表示地点的介词(in;at;on;under等)+which;why=表示原因的介词(for)+which;how=表示方式的介词(in)which.
eg:
(1).IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(when=onwhich)
(2).Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks?
(where=inwhich)
(3).Doyouknowthereasonwhyheisabsent?
(why=forwhich)
介词+关系代词which=when/where,
有时为了表达清楚,还可以在where/when前加上from,to,during等:
(1).Chinaistheplaceofkites,fromwherekiteflyingspreadto
Japan,Korea,ThailandandIndia.
(2).Wewentuptotheroof,fromwherewehadagoodviewofthelake.
(3).Westoodnearthewindow,fromwherewecouldseethewholegarden.
注意:
当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage等名词,表示情况,方面,处境时,用关系副词where;表示时间,地点,原因的先行词在句中作主语、宾语时,应用that或which.
eg:
(1).Therearesomecases,wherethisroledoesn’tholdgood(适用)。
(2).Iwillshowyouthepointwhereyoufail.
(3).Hehadtofacetheconditionwherepresswasheavy.
请注意下列句子中时间,地点,原因的不同作用:
Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao?
Doyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerin
Qingdao?
Thisisthereasonthathegaveus.
Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslateformeeting.
Haveyoubeentotheplacethatyourparentsvisitedlastsummer?
HaveyoubeentotheplacewhereLuxunwasborn?
从上例可以看出表示时间、地点、原因的先行词的引导词需要根据该词在句子中的成分而定,如作状语就用when,where,why引导。
如作主语或宾语就有which/that引导。
这是定语从句的难点之一。
HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,duringwhichtimehelearnedsomeEnglish.
有关练习:
用that,when,why,where,which填空:
Iwanttoknowthedate___youwereborn.
Ihaveforgettenthedate___youtoldme.
Doyouknowthereason____heisabsenttoday?
Thatisthereason___Iwanttoknow
Thisisthefactory____hisfatherworks
Thisisthefactory___hisfatherbuilt.
1.Iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriends,____weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.
A.whichB.whereC.whoD.that
2.Betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,___theaudiencecanbuyice-cream.
A.whenB.whereC.thatD.which
3.Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,____itwillkeeptwoorthreeweeks.
A.whenB.whichC.whereD.while
4.Mozart’sbirthplaceandthehouse___
hecomposed‘TheMagicFlute‘arebothmuseumsnow.
A.whereB.whenC.thenD.which
5.Itishelpfultoputchildreninasituation____theycanseethemselvesdifferently.
A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where
答案:
BACAD
定语从句的其他要点:
关系代词在句中作主语时不可省略。
定语从句的谓语动词在人称、数方面,应该与先行词的单复书保持一致。
Thebookwhichisonthedeskismine.
Thebookswhichareonthedeskaretheirs.
oneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数:
eg:
MoyanisoneofAsianwriterswhowintheNobelPrize.
theonlyoneof+复数名词+关系代词+
动词的单数:
MoyanistheonlyoneofChinesewrit
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