武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案.docx

武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案.docx

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武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案

感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）”群网友热心提供题源

一、阅读理解

Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneform.ofequality，wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression"aneyeforaneye，andatoothforatooth."Thatis，theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenceagainstsociety.Tomakeupforhisoffence，societymustgeteven.Thiscanbedoneonlybydoinganequalinjurytohim.Thisconceptionofretributivejusticeisreflectedinmanypartsofthelegaldocumentsandproceduresofmoderntimes.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.ThisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltogiveapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Thecriminalhadbyhisownactionsdeniedhistrueselfanditisnecessarytodosomethingthatwillcounteractthisdenialandrestoretheselfthathasbeendenied.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownwillpayhisdebt.Thedemandofthedeathpenaltyisarightthestateowesthecriminalanditshouldnotdenyhimhisdue.

Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.Thecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministered，thecauseofhisantisocialbehavior.mustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemoved，provisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfronttherestofthesociety.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcriminalswillescapepunishmentorbequicklyreturnedtotakeupcareersofcrime.Itmeansthatjusticeistohealtheindividual，notsimplytogetevenwithhim.Ifseverepunishmentsistheonlyadequatemeansforaccompanyingthis，itshouldbeadministered.However，theindividualshouldbegiveneveryopportunitytoassumeanormalplaceinsociety.Hisconvictionofcrimemustnotdeprivehimoftheopportunitytomakehiswayinthesocietyofwhichheisapart.

1.The best title for this selection is （B）          

A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime              

B.Approaches to Just Punishment               

C.Improvement in Legal Justice  

D.Attaining Justice in the Courts  

2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the （C） .  

A. type of crime that was proven 

B. severity for the punishment 

C. reason for the sentence                         

D. outcome of the trial  

3.  The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（D）.

A. forced brain surgery                              

B. whipping 

C. solitary confinement                              

D. the electric chair  

4.  The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to （D）. 

A. prove，that equality demands just punishment 

B. justify the need for punishment as a part of law 

C. give moral backing to retributive justice  

D. prove that man has long been interested in justice 

"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized... In agreat number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, orability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in facthas to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing somefeat."

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the rolesof men and women in society should be distinguished.

If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fromcomplete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of womenand about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types ofoccupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.

There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In thefirst place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, inIndia, Sri Lanka and Israel.

Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especiallymarriedwomen and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerousconvergences between male and female behaviour:

 the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts ofhitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.

Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions ofhuman life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, butthat does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiationbetween the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.

5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that they（C）

A. are confident in their ability to charm women.

B. take the initiative in courtship.

C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".

D. tend to be more immoral than women are.

6. The third paragraph（A）

A. generally agrees with the first paragraph

B. has no connection with the first paragraph

C. repeats the argument of the second paragraph

D. contradicts the last paragraph

7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）

A. is based on the study of archaeology

B. illustrates how people expect men to behave

C. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke

D. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer

8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（D）

A. approves of

B. argues is natural

C. completely rejects

D. expects to go on changing

Farmersinthedevelopingworldhatepricefluctuations.Itmakesithardtoplanahead.Butmostofthemhavelittlechoice：

theysellatthepricethemarketsets.FarmersinEurope，theU.S.andJapanareluckier：

theyreceivemassivegovernmentsubsidiesintheformofguaranteedpricesordirecthandouts.LastmonthU.S.PresidentBushsignedanewfarmbillthatgivesAmericanfarmers$190billionoverthenext10years，or$83billionmorethantheyhadbeenscheduledtoget，andpushesU.S.agriculturalsupportclosetocrazyEuropeanlevels.Bushsaidthestepwasnecessaryto"promotefarmerindependenceandpreservethefarmwayoflifeforgenerations".ItisalsodesignedtohelptheRepublicanPartywincontroloftheSenateinNovember'smidtermelections.

Agriculturalproductioninmostpoorcountriesaccountsforupto50%ofGDP，comparedtoonly3%inrichcountries.Butmostfarmersinpoorcountriesgrowjustenoughforthemselvesandtheirfamilies.ThosewhotryexportingtotheWestfindtheirgoodswhackedwithhugetariffsorcompetingagainstcheapersubsidizedgoods.In1999theUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopmentconcludedthatforeachdollardevelopingcountriesreceiveinaidtheyloseupto$14justbecauseoftradebarriersimposedontheexportoftheirmanufacturedgoods.It'snotasifthedevelopingworldwantsanyfavours，saysGeraldSsendwula，Uganda'sMinisterofFinance."Whatwewantisfortherichcountriestoletuscompete."

AgricultureisoneofthefewareasinwhichtheThirdWorldcancompete.Landandlabourarecheap，andasfarmingmethodsdevelop，newtechnologiesshouldimproveoutput.Thisisnopieintheskyspeculation.ThebiggestsuccessinKenya'seconomyoverthepastdecadehasbeentheboominexportsofcutflowersandvegetablestoEurope.Butthatmayallchangein，whenKenyawillbeslightlytoorichtoqualifyforthe"leastdevelopedcountry"statusthatallowsAfricanproducerstoavoidpayingstiffEuropeanimportdutiesonselectedagriculturalproducts.Withtradebarriersinplace，thehorticultureindustryinKenyawillshrivelasquicklyasadiscardedrose.Andwhileagricultureexportsremainthegreathopeforpoorcountries，reducingtradebarriersinothersectorsalsoworks：

AmericasAfricanGrowthandOpportunityAct，whichcutsdutiesonexportsofeverythingfromhandicraftstoshoes，hasprovedaboontoAfrica'smanufacturers.Thelesson：

theThirdWorldcanprosperiftherichworldgivesitafairgo.

ThisiswhatmakesBush'sdecisiontoincreasefarmsubsidieslastmonthallthemoredepressing.Poorcountrieshavelongsuspectedthattherichworldurgestradeliberalizationonlysoitcanwangleitswayintonewmarkets.SuchsuspicionscausedtheSeattletradetalkstobreakdownthreeyearsago.ButlastNovembermembersoftheWorldTradeOrganization，meetinginDoha，Qatar，finallyagreedtoanewroundoftalksdesignedtoopenupglobaltradeinagricultureandtextiles.Richcountriesa