人教版初中《生物》会考复习指导资料 汇总.docx
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人教版初中《生物》会考复习指导资料 汇总.docx
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人教版初中《生物》会考复习指导资料汇总
人教版初中《生物》会考复习指导资料汇总(People'sEducationEditionjuniorhighschoolbiologyexaminationreviewguidancedatasummary)
People'sEducationEditionjuniorhighschoolbiologyexaminationreviewguidancedatasummary
PEPjuniorhighschoolbiologyexaminationreviewdatafirstunit
Unit1biologyandbiosphere
1.Biologyhasacommoncharacteristic:
plantnutrition:
thevastmajorityoforganiccompoundsareproducedbyphotosynthesis;animalnutrition:
gettingreadynutrientsfromtheoutsideworld.
2)creaturescanbreathe.
3)biologycanexpelwastefromthebody.
Thewayanimalsdischargewastes:
sweating,exhaledair,urination.
Thewayinwhichplantsdischargewaste:
Fallenleaves.
4)biologicalenergyrespondstoexternalstimuli.Example:
Zebrafoundpredatorsquicklyafterfleeing.TheresponseofanMimosatoastimulus.
5)biologicalenergygrowthandreproduction.
6)apartfromviruses,thelivingthingsaremadeupofcells.
2,thebottomsurfaceofthebiosphere:
theatmosphere,hydrosphereandlithosphereofthedepartment.
3,thebiosphereprovidesthebasicconditionsforthesurvivaloforganisms:
nutrients,sunlight,airandwater,suitabletemperatureandcertainlivingspace.
4,environmentalfactorsaffectingthesurvivaloforganisms:
Abioticfactors:
light,temperature,water,etc;biologicalfactors:
otherorganismsthataffectaparticularorganism'slife.
Example:
aladybirdbeetlethatpreysonaphidsisapredator.Weedsinricefieldscompetewithriceforthesunshine.Thedivisionoflaboramongants,bees,andfamilymembers.
5toexploretheeffectsoflightonarmadillidiumvulgare:
1)question:
lightwillaffectthepillbuglife?
2)madethehypothesisthatlightwillaffectthelifeofpillbug.
3)makeplans:
testthehypothesisiscorrect,needtostudythroughtheexperiment.
Requirementsoftheexperimentalprogram:
weneedtodesignacontrolledexperiment,andilluminationistheonlyvariableinthisinquiryexperiment.Alltheotherconditionsarethesame.
4)implementationplan
5)drawaconclusion
6)expressionandcommunication
6,biologicaladaptationandimpactontheenvironment:
1)biologicaladaptationtotheenvironment:
forexample,camelsinthedeserthaveverylittleurine.Therootofacamelgrowsmuchmorethantheupperpartoftheearth.Sealsincoldseas;thicksubcutaneousfatinthechest;flagtrees.
2)biologicalimpactontheenvironment:
earthwormsinthesoilactivities,canmakethesoilloose,itsdroppingsincreasesoilfertility;sandyland,plants,wind,sandfixationandsoonbelongtothebiologicalimpactoftheenvironment.
7,theconceptandcompositionofecosystem
Concept:
theunifiedwholeoforganismsandenvironmentinagivenregioniscalledecologicalsystem.
Consistingoflivingpartsandnonlivingparts.Thebiologicalpartincludesproducers,consumers,anddecomposer.Nonbiologicalpartsincludesunlight,water,air,temperatureandsoon
8foodchainandfoodweb:
Therelationshipbetweenproducersandconsumersismainlyabouteatingandeating,thusformingafoodchain.Therearemanyfoodchainsinanecosystemthattendtointerlacewitheachother,thusformingaweboffood.
PEPjuniorhighschoolbiologyexaminationreviewdatasecondunits
Secondunit
9.Thenameandfunctionofeachpartoftheopticalmicroscope
Mirrorholder.
Mirrorcolumn-thepartabovethesupportmirrorcolumn.
Mirrorarm-thepositionoftheholdingmirror.
Loadingtable-placewhereslidesareplaced.Thereisalightthroughholeinthecenter,
Thereisapresscliponeachside.
Theupperendofthelensbarrelisprovidedwithaneyepiece,andaconverterisarrangedatthelowerend.
Converter-rotatablediskwithobjectivelensmountedonit.
Whenthecoarsequasifocusspiralturns,thelensbarrelcanbegreatlyraisedandlowered.
Whenthefinequasifocusspiralrotates,thelensbarrelrisesandfallsslightly,
Canmaketheimageclearer.
Theeyepieceandobjectiveeyepiecearelensesthatareviewedwiththeeye;theobjectiveisthelensapproachingtheobject.
Windowshade-aholewithadifferentsize,calledadiaphragm.Adjustthelightintensitybyaligningtheaperturewithdifferentapertures.
Reflector-onesideisflatmirror(whenlightisstrong),onesideisconcavemirror(whenlightisweak).
Therotatingmirrorreflectslightthroughthethroughhole.
Theamplificationfactorismultipliedbythemagnificationeyepiecemagnificationlens.
10,usingthemicroscopeslide
Fromtheeyepiecetoseetheimageislike.Example:
inthefieldofviewofamicroscope,a"d",thenwrittenonthetransparentpaperis"P"".
Magnificationoftheeyepiecemagnificationx=MagnificationMicroscope
11,thebasicstructureandfunctionofcells
Cellmembrane-hasthefunctionofprotectingcells,andcancontroltheentryandexitofinternalandexternalcells.
Cytoplasm-cytoplasmcontainsmanyfinestructuresrelatedtovariousactivitiesoflife.Thecytoplasmoflivingcellsisfluidandfacilitatestheexchangeofsubstancesbetweencellsandtheenvironment.
Thenucleus-playsanimportantroleinbiologicalheredity.Thenucleuscontainssubstancesthatarecloselyrelatedtobiologicalheredity-geneticmaterial.
12.Thedifferencebetweenplantcellsandanimalcells
Inadditiontocellmembranes,cytoplasmandnucleus,plantcellsgenerallyhavecellwalls,chloroplastsandvacuoles.
Preparationandobservationof13,withonionepidermalcells
Steps:
(1)dropadropofwaterinthecenterofacleanglassslide.
(2)breaktheonionscalesoutoftheleafandremoveasmallpieceoftransparentfilmfromtheinnersurfaceofthescaleleaveswithtweezers.(3)placethetornfilminthewaterdropinthecenteroftheslideandgentlyflattenitwithananatomicalneedle.(4)withtweezersacoverslipsideoftheedge,theothersidewillbeitsfirstcontactwiththewater,thengentlyplacedflatonthefilmcover.Don'tleavethebubbleonthecoverdown.(5)afterstainingwithiodinesolution.(6)theonionepidermalcellspreparedatlowloadingtimesunderthemicroscope
Preparationandobservationof14,withoralepithelialcells
(1)dropadropofphysiologicalsalineinthecenterofacleanglassslidewithadropper.
(2)withcoldboilingwatermouthrinseclean,useatoothpickfromthemouthcheekswallgentlyscrapingafew,(3)someofthedebristoothpickattachedonslidesinafewdropsofsalinesmear.(4)coveredwithcoverslip,payattentionnottoleavethebubble.(5)afterstainingwithiodinesolution.(6)theoralepithelialcellswithagoodsysteminlowmagnificationmicroscope.
15,thefunctionofcellmembrane
Cellmembranesallowusefulsubstancestoenterthecell,blockothersubstancesoutsidethecell,andalsoproducewastecellsfromthecellsoutsidethecell.
16,theroleofmitochondriaandchloroplastsinenergyconversion
(1)mitochondriaandchloroplastsareenergyconvertersincells
(2)chloroplasts:
chloroplastsconvertlightenergyintochemicalenergyandarestoredintheorganiccompoundsitproduces.
(3)mitochondria:
thereleaseofchemicalenergyfromorganicmatterforusebycells.
17.Theroleofthenucleusinbiologicalinheritance
Thecenterofthecell'scontrolisthenucleus.Therearechromosomesinthenucleus,DNAinchromosomes,andgeneticinformationonDNA.Thisinformationisactuallyaseriesofinstructionsthatguideandcontrolthechangesinmatterandenergyincells.
18.Cellsproducenewcellsbydividing
Celldivisionisthedivisionofacellintotwocells.Whendividing,thenucleusisdividedintoonebytwo,andthenthecytoplasmisdividedintotwopartseachcontainingonenucleus.Finally,anewcellmembraneisformedinthecenteroftheoriginalcell,andtheplantcellformsanewcellwall.Asaresult,acelldividesintotwocells.
19.Cellsdifferentiateintotissues
Celldifferentiationproducesdifferentcellpopulations,eachofwhichisformedbytheformationofcellsofsimilarmorphology,structure,andfunction,suchcellsarecalledtissues.
20,indicatingthestructureofhumanhierarchy
Cell,tissue,organ,system,humanbody
21,explainthestructurelevelofplant
Celltotissue-organtoplantbody
22.Thesixlargestorganofagreenfloweringplant
Roots,stemsandleaves,
(ofvegetativeorgans)
Theflower,thefruit,theseed(belongingtothereproductiveorgans).
23.Anorganismwithonlyonecell
YeastandParamecium,Chlamydomonas,Euglena,amoebaisacelloftheorganismthatcanliveindependently,withallthephysiologicalactivities.
24.Themorphology,structureandlifeactivityofthevirus
Morphologicalstructure:
avarietyofviruseswithasimplestructure,consistingofproteinshellsandgeneticmaterialinside,withoutcellstructure.
Lifeactivity:
virusescanonlyliveinlivecells,
25.Paycloseattentiontotherelationshipbetweenvirusesandotherorganismsinthebiosphere,especiallywithhumanbeings
Causedbyavirusinfluenza,hepatitis,seriousharmtohumanhealth;HIV/AIDSiscausedbyavirus;Newcastlediseasefoot-and-mouthdisease,aswellasmanyplantviruses,causinghugelossestoagricultureandanimalhusbandry.
Ontheonehand,peopletrytotreatandpreventviraldiseases,andontheonehand,theyusevirusesforthebenefitofmankind.Vaccinationagainstsmallpox,oralvaccineagainstpolio(alsocalledpolio),foot-and-mouthdiseasevirus,chickenandotheranimalcanalsocontrolthroughvaccination,thevaccineisthroughattenuatedvirusesartificialprocessing.
PEPjuniorhighschoolbiologyexaminationreviewdatathirdunits
Thirdunit
27.Distinguishcommonalgae,mosses,andferns.
Algae:
mostlylivinginwater,cap
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