物流 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 组合优化和绿色物流.docx
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物流 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 组合优化和绿色物流.docx
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物流外文翻译外文文献英文文献组合优化和绿色物流
物流外文翻译外文文献英文文献组合优化和绿色物流
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外文原文(复印件)
CombinatorialoptimizationandGreenLogistics
AbstractThepurposeofthispaperistointroducetheareaofGreenLogisticsandtodescribesomeoftheproblemsthatariseinthissubjectwhichcanbeformulatedascombinatorialoptimizationproblems.Thepaperparticularlyconsidersthetopicsofreverselogistics,wastemanagementandvehicleroutingandscheduling.KeywordsGreenLogistics、Reverselogistics、Combinatorialoptimization、Waste
management、Hazardousmaterials
1Introduction
GreenLogisticsisconcernedwithproducinganddistributinggoodsinasustainableway,takingaccountofenvironmentalandsocialfactors.Thustheobjectivesarenotonlyconcernedwiththeeconomicimpactoflogisticspoliciesontheorganizationcarryingthemout,butalsowiththewidereffectsonsociety,suchastheeffectsofpollutionontheenvironment.GreenLogisticsactivitiesincludemeasuringtheenvironmentalimpactofdifferentdistributionstrategies,reducingtheenergyusageinlogisticsactivities,reducingwasteandmanagingitstreatment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenincreasingconcernabouttheenvironmentaleffectsontheplanetofhumanactivityandcurrentlogisticpracticesmaynotbesustainableinthelongterm.Manyorganizationsandbusinessesarestartingtomeasuretheircarbonfootprintssothattheenvironmentalimpactoftheiractivitiescanbemonitored.Governmentsareconsideringtargetsforreducedemissionsandotherenvironmentalmeasures.ThereisthereforeincreasinginterestinGreenLogisticsfromcompaniesandgovernments.Traditionallogisticsmodelsforproductionanddistributionhaveconcentratedonminimizingcostssubjecttooperationalconstraints.ButconsiderationofthewiderobjectivesandissuesconnectedwithGreenLogisticsleadstonewmethodsofworkingandnewmodels,someofwhichposeinterestingnewapplicationsforoperationalresearchmodelsofvarioustypes.AsurveyofalloperationalresearchmodelsinthisareawouldrequireaverylongarticleandsothefocusofthispaperistoconcentrateonsomeoftheneworrevisedcombinatorialoptimizationmodelsthatariseinGreenLogisticsapplications.Forthoseworkingincombinatorial
optimizationitishopedthatthesenewmodelswillposeinterestingnewchallengesthatmayhavesignificanteffectsontheenvironmentwhentheresultsareapplied.TheoriginalversionofthispapercanbefoundinSbihiandEglese(2007).Itdiscussesdifferentareas
thatrelatetotheGreenLogisticsagenda.Section2concernsReverseLogisticsmodels
thattakeaccountofthefulllife-cycleofaproductandthepossibilitiesofvariousformsofrecycling.Section3coversWasteManagementthatincludesmodelsforthe
transportationofhazardouswaste,roll-onroll-offcontainersandthecollectionofhouseholdwaste.Section4dealswithVehicleRoutingmodelsandissuesrelatingto
GreenLogisticsobjectives.Section5containsthefinalconclusions.
2ReverseLogistics
TherearevariousdefinitionsofReverseLogisticstobefoundintheliterature.Forexample,Fleischmannetal.(1997)saythatreverselogisticsis―aprocesswhich
encompassesthelogisticsactivitiesallthewayfromusedproductsnolongerrequiredbytheusertoproductsagainusableinamarket‖.Dowlatshahi(2000)explainsReverse
Logisticsas―aprocessinwhichamanufacturersystematicallyacceptspreviously
shippedproductsorpartsfromthepointforconsumptionforpossiblerecycling,
remanufacturingordisposal‖.Later,theEuropeanWorkingGrouponReverseLogistics,
REVLOG,Dekkeretal.(2004),givethisdefinition:
―Theprocessofplanning,
implementingandcontrollingbackwardflowsofrawmaterials,inprocessinventory,
packagingandfinishedgoods,fromamanufacturing,distributionorusepoint,toapoint
ofrecoveryorpointofproperdisposal‖.Intheirbook,RogersandTibben-Lembke(1999)
brieflyconsiderthedifferencesbetweenReverseLogisticsandGreenLogistics.InReverseLogisticsthereshouldbesomeflowofproductsorgoodsbackfromtheconsumertoanearlierstageofthesupplychain.ThereductionofwastethatthisimpliescertainlymeansthatReverseLogisticsshouldbeincludedwithinGreenLogistics.Forexample,DeBritoandVanDerLaan(2003)examineinventorymanagementissues
whenproductreturnsmustbeestimated.Howevertherewillbeothermodelsoflogisticsactivitiesinvolvingonlyforwardflowsofgoodsthatcouldnotbedescribedasreverselogistics,butiftheyincludeenvironmentalconsiderations,willalsobeincludedwithin
GreenLogistics.Forexample,MondscheinandSchilkrut(1997)describeamixedinteger
linearprogrammingmodeltodeterminetheoptimalinvestmentpoliciesforthecopperindustryinChile.Akeypartofthemodelwastocontrolairpollutionthroughemissionsintheproductionprocess.LegislationwithintheEuropeanCommunitygiveshighimportancetorecycledproductsand,insomecases,ithasestablishedtheresponsibilityfortheendoflifeproductstothemanufacturers.Forexample,theWasteElectronicandElectricalEquipment(WEEE)Directive(2002/96/EC)1dealswiththis.Suchlegislation
isoneofthedriversinestablishingtheimportanceofreverselogisticsoperations.MostEuropeancompanieswillincreasinglyhavetothinkaboutincorporatingReverseLogisticsactivitiesintheirbusinessoperations.
2.1LocationmodelsusedinReverseLogistics
Thereisahugeamountofresearchinfacilitylocationtheoryingeneral.However,intheliteraturewefoundrelativelyfewpapersonthistopicapplicabletoReverseLogistics(RL).Krikke(1998)proposessomemodelsforRLnetworkdesign.Hedesigns
amodelforamulti-productandmulti-echelonsituation.Themodelallowsnewfacilitiestobeaddedwiththecorrespondingcostfunctionswhennecessary.Heproposesthedesignofanetworkgraphandatransportationgraphasbasicinputsforhismodel.Barrosetal.(1998)considertheproblemoftherecyclingofsand(asubproductofrecyclingconstructionwaste)intheNetherlands.Theyproposeatwo-levellocationmodelforthesandproblemandconsideritsoptimizationusingheuristicprocedures.Fleischmannetal.(2000)reviewedninepublishedcasestudiesonlogisticsnetwork
designforproductrecoveryindifferentindustries,andidentifiedsomegeneralcharacteristicsofproductrecoverynetworks,comparingthemwithtraditionallogisticsstructures.Theyclassifiedtheproductrecoverynetworksinthreesub-areas:
re-usableitemnetworks,remanufacturingnetworks,andrecyclingnetworks.
Otherreferencesdealwiththistopic(e.g.,Krikke1998;Sarkis2001;Fleischmann
2001).Mostofthemodelsdevelopedinthisfieldaresimilartothetraditionallocationproblems,inparticularlocation-allocationmodels(seeKroonandVrijens1995;Ammons
etal.1999;Spengleretal.1997;MarìnandPelegrìn1998;Jayaramanetal.1999;Krikke
etal.1999,2001;Fleischmannetal.2000).Inmostofthemodels,transportationand
processingcostswereminimizedwhiletheenvironmentalcostsassociatedwiththedesignednetworkwereoftenneglected.
2.2Dynamiclot-sizingproblem
Thedynamiclotsizingprobleminitssimplestformconsidersafacility,possiblyawarehouseoraretailer,whichfacesdynamicdemandforasingleitemoverafinitehorizon(seeWagnerandWhitin1958).Thefacilityplacesordersfortheitemfroma
supplyagency,e.g.,amanufacturerorasupplier,whichisassumedtohaveanunlimitedquantityoftheproduct.Themodelassumesafixedordering(setup)cost,alinearprocurementcostforeachunitpurchased,andalinearholdingcostforeachunitheldininventoryperunittime.Giventhetimevaryingdemandandcostparameters,theproblemistodecidewhenandhowmuchtoorderatthefacilityineachperiodsothatalldemandissatisfiedatminimumcost.
Thedynamiclot-sizingproblemhasbeenwellstudiedinthepastsinceitwasfirstintroducedmorethanfourdecadesago.Theexactsolutiontechnique,knownastheWagner-Whitinalgorithm,basedonDynamicProgrammingiswellknowninproductionplanningandinventorycontrol.Formoreinformationaboutthismodel,seethebooksbyBramelandSimchi-Levi(1997),JohnsonandMontgomery(1974)andSilveretal.
(1996).Avarietyofheuristicmethodshavealsobeenproposed,forexampletheSilver-MealheuristicdescribedinSilverandMeal(1973).
InTeunteretal.(2006)avariantofthebasiclotsizingmodelisconsideredwheretheserviceablestockmayalsobemadeusingaremanufacturingoperationthatutilizesreturnsandproducesserviceablestockthatisindistinguishablefromthenewlymanufacturedstock.Examplesofremanufacturingincludesingle-usecamerasandcopiers.AninventorysystemwithremanufacturingcanbedescribedinFig.1.The
modelstudiedmakesthefollowingassumptions:
–nodisposaloptionforreturns;
–holdingcostforserviceablesisgreaterthanholdingcostforreturns;
–variablemanufacturingandremanufacturingcostsarenotincluded.
Theobjectiveisagaintominimizethesumoftheset-upcostsandholdingcosts.Twovariantsareconsidered.Inthefirstitisassumedthatthereisajointset-upcostfor
manufacturingandremanufacturingwhichisappropriatewhenthesameproductionlineisusedforbothprocesses.Thesecondvariantassumesseparateset-upcostsformanufacturingandremanufacturing.Wereviewthesemodelsinthenexttwosections.3Wastemanagement
Thewidelyacknowledgedincreaseinsolidwasteproduction,togetherwiththeincreasedconcernaboutenvironmentalissues,haveledlocalgovernmentsandagenciestodevoteresourcestosolidwastecollectionpolicy
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