非谓语动词用法辨析.docx
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非谓语动词用法辨析.docx
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非谓语动词用法辨析
非谓语动词用法辨析
(一)非谓语动词在句中的成分
不定式几乎可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分,动名词起名词的作用。
现在分词和过去分词起形容词和副词的作用。
(二)非谓语动词在同一成分中用法的辨析
1.做主语:
-般来说,不定式和动名词成份相同时,表示客观性、一般性行为为多用动名词表示,而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。
Lookingafterchildrenisherjob.
Tocleantheclassroomishisjobtoday.
2.做宾语:
Ilikeswimming,butIdon'tliketoswimtodaybecauseIdon'tfeelwell.
(1).有些动词只能接不定式做宾语,这些动词接上不定式,含有明显的主观性和将来性意义。
如:
help,hope,ask,refuse,decide,promise,wish,pretend,expect,arrange,learn,plan,demand,dare,manage,agree,prepare,fail,determine,offer,choose,desire,elect,long,(happen,seem),等等。
Herefusedtospeakontheradio.
Hedesiredtoseeyou.
(2)..有些动词只接动名词做宾语,这些动词接上动名词,含有明显的"依据往事或经验来作出理解和判断"的意思。
mind,finish,enjoy,suggest,permit,appreciate,consider,miss,dislike,keep(on),avoid,permit,imagine,risk,escape,admit,stand(忍受),allow,forbid,excuse,等等。
短语动词:
giveup,putoff,lookforwardto,feellike,insiston,objectto,prevent…from,setabout,can'thelp,be/getusedto等
短语:
beworthdoing,benogooddoing,benousedoing,bebusydoing等
Themotherdidagreetolettheboyriskswimmingacrosstheriver.
Shecan'tstandhavingnothingtodoathome.
Hiswifedoesn'tallowsmokinginsidetheroomandoftenadvisedhimtogiveupsmoking.
Allthefamilyinsistedonmystayingwiththemafewdayslonger.
It'snogoodlearningwithoutpracticing.
I'mlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.
Shedoesn'tfeellikeeatinganything,beingillforafewdays.
(3).有些动词后面既可接不定式,又可接动名词,其意义基本相同,区别不大。
如;like,love,hate,delay,continue,attempt(企图),afford(提供),prefer.omit(省略),begin,start.
TheEinsteins,however,couldnotaffordtopayfor(or:
payingfor)theadvancededucationthatyoungAlbertneeded.
Ipreferstaying(tostay)athomeonSunday.
注意:
begin和start本身为进行时,或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时,须接不定式。
Whenwecamein,theywerebeginningtohavesupper.
Afterhisexplanation,Ibegantounderstandit/realizethatIwaswrong.
(4).有些词后面既可以接不定式.亦可接动名词,但其意义有很大区别,须特别注意:
A.remember,forget,regret接动名词,表示完成意义(=havingdone),接不定式,表示将来意义:
PleaseremembertobringmethebookIwantnexttime.
Irememberseeingher(=havingseenher)somewherebefore.
Don'tforgettowritetomesoon.
Ineverforgetvisiting(=havingvisited)themforthefirsttime.
Iregretmissingthatgoodfilmlastweek.(后悔干……事)
Iregretnottaking(nothavingtaken)youradvice.
IregrettosayIcan'ttakeyouradvice.(遗憾=besorry)
B.mean:
meantodo=wanttodo打算,想要……;meandoing:
意味着,就是
Iamsorry,Ididn'tmeantohurtyourfeelings,
Imeanttocallonyou,butIwassobusy.
Learningaforeignlanguagedoesn'tmeanjustworkinginclass.
C.stop:
stoptodo停下来,要干另一件事,不定式作目的状语;stopdoing停止干……,动名词作宾语。
Aftersometime,theystoppedwalkingandhadarest.
Afterwalkingsometime,theystoppedtohavearest.
D.try:
trytodo,努力,试图干……事;trydoing:
试着干……事
Hesearchedeverywhereandtriedtofindhiskey.
Hecametothecityfromthecountrysideandtriedtofindajob.
Themotherisoutandtheboyhadtotrycookingforhimself.
Theytriedtosucceedandtrieddoingtheirexperimentsagainandagain.
E.want,need,require接动名词表示被动意义,表示"需要、该……";接不定式,表示"想,要干……"
Theroomwantscleaning.
Thebikerequiresrepairing.
Theseyoungtreesrequirelookingafter.
Thematterneedsthinkingover.(=tobethoughtover)
AMr.Wangwantstoseeyou.
Youdon'tneedtoleavesoearly.
F.goon:
goontodo继续干和原来不同的另一件事,不定式作目的状语。
goondoing继续干原来同一件事,动名词作宾语。
Afterasmoke,hewentontellingusthatinterestingstory.
AfterwritinghisEnglishcompositionhewentontoworkouthismathsproblems.
G.动词advise,allow,permit,forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词,接复合宾语时用动词不定式。
Doctorsadvisegivingupsmokingtobenefitone'shealth.
Thedoctoradvisedhimtogiveupsmokingsoastoimprovehishealth.
Shedoesn'tallow(permit)smokinginherroom.=Shedoesn'tallow(permit)anyonetosmokeinherroom.
Parkingisforbiddenhere.=Anycarsnotpermittedtoparkhere.
3.做宾补:
不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为,以及将来意义的行为。
现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为,亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。
过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态,及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。
WhenIcamein,Isawherdancinghappily.
IoftenhearhersingsongsinEnglishinherroom.
Theyhadthelightsburningallnightlong.
IsawLiPingpassbyandenterthenextroomjustnow.
Themotherwillhavethedoctorexaminehersonagain.
TomorrowI'llhavemyhaircut.
WhenIgothomeIfoundthewindowbrokenandthethiefgoneawayalready.
Whentheyreturnedtotheirhometown,afteranabsenceoftwentyyears,theyfoundeverythingchanged.
4.做表语:
不定式和动名词做表语解释主语容,且可以和主语颠倒,意思仍然通顺,回答what的问题。
它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别,分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态,不能和主语颠倒,可以回答how的问题。
Herjobiscleaningoffices.(Whatisherjob?
)(Cleaningofficesisherjob.)
Ourjobtodayistocleantheoffice.(=Tocleantheofficeisourjobtoday.)
Thenewsisveryexciting.(Howisthenews?
)
Theyareverytiredafteralongwalk.
Thedoorislockednow.
Thechildrenarewelldressedthesedays.
5.做定语:
不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词容等关系。
在时态上常是将来意义,现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义;过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。
此外,不定式做定语时只能后置,不可前置,而单个分词做定语可前置,分词短语做定语则须后置。
动名词做定语,须前置,且要重读,它表明先行词的用途。
而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。
aswimmingboy=aboywhoisswimming
aswimmingpool=apoolforswimming
theboilingwater=thewaterthatisboiling
drinkingwater=waterfordrinking
TodayIhavealettertowrite.
Pleasefindamantohelpus.
ItisagoodchancetopractiseyourspokenEnglish.
IlikereadingbookswrittenbyLuXun.
ThewomanstandingoverthereisourEnglishteacher.
Thehousetobebuilt(=whichwillbebuilt/whichistobebuilt)nextyearwillbeournewlibrary.
Thehousebeingbuilt(=whichisbeingbuilt)nowwillbeournewlibrary.
Thehousebuilt(=whichwasbuilt)lastyearisournewlibrarynow.
6.做状语:
不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。
动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语,且多放在句末;分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语,多置于句首,做伴随状语,多放在后面。
单独的动名词不能做状语,在介词后形成介词短语,从而做状语。
(1).目的状语:
通常有不定式表示,由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。
不定式前还可加上inorder,soas来加强说话的口气。
但soasto通常不用于句首。
TheSmithshavegonetoLondontospendtheirholidays.
Icamehere(inorder/soas)tohearthereport.
Inorderto(不用soasto)seebetter,wetookfrontseats.
(2).时间状语:
分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。
现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首,表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生,有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。
如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前,用现在分词的完成体形式。
过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。
分词前有时加上时间连词。
Arriving(=Whenhearrived)atthebusstop,hefoundhissisterthere.
Waiting(=WhenIwaswaiting)toseethedoctor,Imetwithafriendofmine.
Having(=Whenwehave)madefullpreparations,wearereadyforanexamination.
Having(=Whenhehad)finishedhishomework,hewenttobed.
Afterfinishinghishomework,hewenttobed.
Seen(=Whenthetownisseen)fromthehill,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.
Locked(=Whenhewaslooked)upintheroom,hefoundhimselfisolatedfromtheouterworld.
Whenaskedtomakeaspeech,hesaidhewasgladtodoso.
Oncerecovered,hewentallouttodohiswork.
(3).原因状语:
不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy,sorry,fortunate,angry,glad,ashamed,discouraged,delighted,frightened,shocked等。
分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。
一般位于句首。
Iamsorrytohearthatyouarenotwell.
I'mverysorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.
Wearegreatlydelightedtohaveanativeasourguide.
Being(=Sincehewas)illalllastyear,helivedinasanatorium.
Therebeingnoenoughmoney,hecouldn'tbuythedictionarythathewanted.
Having(=Sincetheyhad)beenaskedtostay,theycouldn'tpossiblyleaverightaway.
Moved(=Ashewasmoved)bytheheroicdeedsofthePLAman,heburstintotears.
(4).条件状语:
通常用分词来表示,相当于条件状语从句。
一般位于句首。
Turning(=Ifyouturn)totheleft,youwillseethepostoffice.
United(=Ifweareunited),westand;divided(=ifwearedivided),wefall.
Given(=Ifhehadbeengiven)moretime,hewouldbeabletodobetter.
(5).结果状语从句:
不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+asto,such+名词+asto,too…to,enoughto和onlyto等结构。
现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。
Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.
Iworkedlateintothenight,onlytofindIhadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.
Hewassofriendlyastobealwayshelpfultohisneighbours.
Hisissuchasadstoryastoarouseoutsympathy。
Iranfasterthanever,reachingtheschoolyardquiteoutofbreath.
Themandiedyoung,leavingnothingbutdebt.
(6).让步状语:
通常有过去分词来表示,而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。
Thoughwounded,thesoldiermanagedtogettothevillagesafely.
Thoughwarnedofthedanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.
(7).伴随或方式状语:
分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾,表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。
Chinesebusinessmen,taxidriversandstudentstalkwiththemusingEnglish.
Shecamerunningtowardsus.
Theywalkedalongthestreets,talkingandlaughing.
Hewentintothehouse,followedbysomechildren.
Hecontinuedtowalkupanddown,lostinthought.
下面是历年高考题:
做做看!
(78)1.I'veheardhim_____aboutyouoften.
A.spoke B.speaks C.speak
(79)2.I'mhungry.Getmesomething_____.
A.eat B.toeat C.eating D.foreating
(79)3.Thereisn'tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon'tknow_____
A.wheretochoose B.whichtochoose
C.tochoosewhat D.tochoosewhich
(79)4,Theteachertoldthem_____makesomuchnoise.
A.don't B.not C.willnot D.notto
(79)5.Isawhim_____outoftheroom.
A.go B.hadgone C.hasgone D.goes
(79)6.I'mgoingtohavemyradio
A.fixed B.tofix C.fix D.fixing
(80)7.Theworkerswantus_____togetherwiththem.
A.work B.working C.towork D.worked
(80)8.Theofficersnarrowlyescaped_____inthehotbattle.
A.havekilled B.tokill C.tobekilled D.beingkilled
(80)9._____theletter,hewentouttopostit,
A.Writing B.BeingwrittenC.Havingwritten
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