新编简明英语语言学教程ppt.ppt

新编简明英语语言学教程ppt.ppt

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ANewConciseCourseinLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglishZHUMeijun,EnDept,FLS,ZJNC,TheGoalsforthisCourseTogetascientificviewonlanguage;Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning（SLAorTEFL）,crossculturalcommunication;Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.TheRequirementsforthiscourseClassattendanceClassroomdiscussionFulfillmentoftheassignmentExaminationReferenceBooks戴炜栋，何兆熊，（2002），新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。

胡壮麟，（2001），语言学教程，北京大学出版社。

刘润清，（1995），西方语言学流派，外语教学与研究出版社。

Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,（1998）,AnIntroductiontoLanguagethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:

Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.Chapter1.Introduction1.Whatislanguage?

Languagecanmeanwhatapersonsays（e.g.badlanguage,expressions）thewayofspeakingorwriting（e.g.Shakespeareslanguage,Luxunslanguage）aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting（e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage）theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity（e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage）thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages（e.g.Hestudieslanguage）atoolforhumancommunication.（socialfunction）asetofrules.（rule-governed）Sapirsdefinition（1921）“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Hallsdefinition（1968）Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”Chomskysdefinition（1957）“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof（finiteorinfinite）sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.LanguageisasystemSystematic-rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;cantbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.LanguageisarbitraryArbitrary-nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.LanguageissymbolicinnatureSymbolic-wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”-ShakespeareLanguageisprimarilyvocalVocal-theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.LanguageishumanspecificHuman-specific-differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage（CharlesHockett）ArbitrarinessProductivity/CreativityDualityDisplacementCulturaltransmissionArbitrariness-Nological（motivatedorintrinsic）connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.Onomatopoeicwords（whichimitatenaturalsounds）aresomewhatmotivated（English:

rumble,crackle,bang,.Chinese:

putong,shasha,dingdang）Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopyProductivity/creativity-Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality（doublearticulation）Lowerlevel-sounds（meaningless）Higherlevel-meaning（largerunitsofmeaning）Acommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning（words）,andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.（wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.Displacement-Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:

realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.AgibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyearThereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.Culturaltransmission-Languageisculturallytransmitted（throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct）.Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupin