环境艺术设计外文翻译景观绿色基础设施.docx
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环境艺术设计外文翻译景观绿色基础设施.docx
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环境艺术设计外文翻译景观绿色基础设施
GreenInfrastructureforLandscape
Planning
IGreeninfrastructureintegrateshumanandnaturalsystemsthroughanetworkof
corridorsandspacesinmixed-useandurbansettings.GaryAustintakesabroad
lookatgreeninfrastructureconcepts,researchandcasestudiestoprovidethe
studentandprofessionalwithprocesses,criteriaanddatatosupportplanning,
designandimplementation.
Keytopicsofthebookinclude:
●Thebenefitofgreeninfrastructureasaconservationandplanningtool;
●Equirementsofecosystemhealth;
●Greeninfrastructureecosystemservicesthatcontributetohumanphysical
andpsychologicalhealth;
●Planningprocessesleadingtorobustgreeninfrastructurenetworks;
●Designofgreeninfrastructureelementsformultipleuses.
Theconceptofecosystemservicesisextensivelydevelopedinthisbook,
includingbiologicaltreatmentofstormwaterandwastewater,opportunitiesfor
recreation,urbanagricultureandemersioninanaturalisticsetting.Itdefines
planninganddesignprocessesaswellasthepoliticalandeconomicfacetsof
envisioning,fundingandimplementinggreeninfrastructurenetworks.
Thebookdiffersfromothersonthemarketbypresentingthetechnicalissues,
requirementsandperformanceofgreeninfrastructureelements,alongwiththe
moretraditionalrecreationandwildlifeneedsassociatedwithgreenway
planning,providinginformationderivedfromenvironmentalengineeringto
guideplannersandlandscapearchitects.
GaryAustinisalandscapearchitectwhostudiedunderJohnLyleandtaughtat
theCaliforniaStatePolytechnicUniversity,Pomona.Hehaspracticedinthe
publicandprivatesectorandhastaughtlandscapearchitectureattheUniversity
ofWashingtonandtheUniversityofIdaho.Histeachingandresearchfocuson
communityrevitalization,urbanbiologicaldiversityandtreatmentof
wastewaterandstormwaterforwaterqualityimprovement.
GreenInfrastructurefor
LandscapePlanning
Integratinghumanand
naturalsystems
GaryAustin
ChapterOne
Introduction
Mostplanners,landscapearchitects,architectsandengineershavean
environmentalethicaswellasaneagernesstoimprovethewellbeingofpeople.
Thecontradictionofadvancingecologicallyfocused(ecocentric)and
anthropocentricvaluessimultaneouslymayexplainthegapbetweenphilosophy
andwhatwehavebuiltoverthelastfivedecades.Thisethicaldualismarises
becausetheprofessionsareheterogeneousinpracticetypesandapplication
scales.Therefore,manydesignprofessionalsmayfocusontheparcelscaleand
notseethecumulativeimpactoftheirwork.Also,formanyprofessionalsthe
absenceofopportunityandthelackofknowledgemightexplainineffectiveor
insufficientapplicationofsustainableurbandesign.Considerationof
environmentalvaluesandanthropocentricpracticeiscloudedbyaveneerof
sustainabilityrhetoricandafocusonthesitescaleratherthanonthelarger,
moreimportantissuesimpactinglocalecosystems.Thesmallpopulationof
professionalsengagedintheplanninganddesignofthebuiltenvironmentmay
alsodampentheexpectationthatindividuals,oreventhewholeprofession,can
makemeaningfulstewardshipcontributionstowardsolvingtheworldwide
problemsofpoorhumanhealth,habitatloss,speciesextinctions,global
warming,etc.
Valuesystems
Ecocentricvalues
Theecocentricperspectivepositsthateveryspeciesshouldhaveanequal
survivalopportunity.1Anestimated21–36percentoftheworld’smammal
species,13percentofbirds,30–56percentofamphibiansand30percentof
conifersarethreatenedwithextinction.Thenumberofthreatenedspecieshas
increasedineverycategorysince1996.In1996,forexample,3,314species
wereinthethreatened,endangeredandcriticallyendangeredcategories,
comparedto7,108in2011.2
Fossilrecordsprovideuswithanormalextinctionrate,withtheexceptionof
thefewmassextinctionevents,fortheearth’shistory.Todaythespecies
extinctionrateis600–6,000timesthenormalrateindicatedbythefossil
record.3Theprimarycauseofextinctionsandbiologicaldiversity
(biodiversity)reductionsishabitatloss.4Therapidgrowthofthehuman
populationandtheconversionoflandtohumanuseisthereasonthatthe
survivalofsomanyspeciesisthreatened.Clearly,theecocentricethicdoesnot
guideenoughhumandecisionstosecurethesurvivalofthousandsofother
species.Isitimmorality,ignorance,impotence,unrecognizedcumulativeimpact
orintractableproblemsthatresultinsuchdestructivebehaviorbygovernments,
professionsandindividuals?
Havethesevenbillionhumanssimplyexceeded
thecarryingcapacityoftheplanet?
Thesearetroublingquestionsandthe
planninganddesignprofessionscanbegintoaddressonlyafewofthem.
However,therearemanyopportunitiesforthedesignprofessionstopositively
impactthelivesofpeopleandtheirrelationshiptothesurvivalofotherspecies.
Thisbookexploresthevalues,concepts,knowledgeareas,planningprocesses
anddetaileddesigntechniquesthatleadtopositivehumanandecosystem
outcomes.
Anthropocentricvalues
Urbandesignprofessionalsareanthropocentricintheirprocessesand
outcomes.1Theanthropocentricperspectivegiveshumansanelevatedstatus
basedonphilosophicalorreligiousfoundations,orsimplythroughoverwhelmingself-interest.Italsoexpressesman’srelationshiptothe
environmentintermsofresourcemanagement,husbandryofsomespeciesor
ecosystemsinsteadofothers,orconversionofthenaturalworldforthe
economicandculturalbenefitofhumans(Figure1.1).
Wheninvolvedincommunityplanningormasterplanningoflarge
developments,landscapearchitectsuseparticipatoryandstrategicplanning
processestoresolveconflictsamongcompetinginterests.Inadeliberative
democracy,decisionsaboutlandandresourceusearesocialdecisionsthat,
ideally,involvetheclearcommunicationofinformation,goals,interestsand
power
relationships.
Unfortunately,
economic
self-interest,
political
philosophiesandsocialprejudicesareallinvolvedinthisprocess,withthe
possibleeffectofsubvertingorcorruptingthedemocraticprocess.Fromthe
perspectiveofpowerrelationships,thestrongestinterestsandvaluesinthe
planningprocesswilldeterminethecharacteroftheoutcome.Human,and
especiallyeconomic,interestsdominateplanninganddesignsolutionssincethe
processitselfisanthropocentric.1Theempiricalexpressionofthisisthe
relentlessexpansionofsuburbs.Atthecurrentrateofsuburbangrowthwecan
expectmorethat60millionacresoflandintheUStobeconvertedwithinafew
decades.
Greeninfrastructure
Humanpopulationgrowthleadstothelossofbiodiversity.Theworld
populationisexpectedtogrowfrom7billionto9.1billion,5whileintheUSthe
changefrom309millionto439millionisexpectedby2050.6Thetwinimpacts
ofpopulationgrowthandlow-densityresidentialhousingarecausingmore
damagethantheenvironmentcansustain.Eitherreductionsinpopulation
growthornewstrategiesforhigh-qualityandhigher-densityresidentialliving
arenecessary.
Usinginformationemergingfromurbanecologyandecosystemresearch,
plannersanddesignerscanfashionasetofpoliciesandpracticesthatembed
bothecocentricandanthropocentricvaluesintogreeninfrastructuresystemsat
variousscales.Asasystematic,holisticapproach,involvingtransdisciplinary
cooperation,greeninfrastructureaddressespollution,habitat,recreation,open
spaceandurbanform(Figure1.2).
Inadditiontotheerosionofhabitatandsubsequentlossofbiodiversity,
municipalgovernmentsareincreasinglyunabletoprovidetheamenitiesand
servicessoughtbycitizenswithinthepoliticalandbudgetconstraintsofsingle-
usesolutions.Wemustalsoadapttochangesintheglobalclimatethatwill
disruptourfoodandenergysystemsandimpactnaturalecosystemsin
unpredictableways.
Weneedeffectiveandefficientsolutionstotheseproblemsandothers.
Furthermore,thesolutionsshouldnotgenerateotherfutureproblems.Infact,we
wantsolutionsthatimprovethequalityofourlives,throughbetterliving,
workingandrecreationenvironments.
Figure1.2Restorationofcreeks,thecreationofconstructedwetlandsforpollution
reductionandhigh-densitymixed-usedevelopmentcanbecombined,asatThorntonCreekin
Seattle,Washington.
Theneedtoaddressmanyproblemssimultaneouslyiswhatmakesgreeninfra
structurecost-effectiveandefficient.Acomprehensivenetworkoflinearparks,
openspacesandhabitatpatchescanstructureourneighborhoodsandsave
threatenedspecies.Itcanremovethepollutantsfromroadrunoffandfeature
inspiringtrailsthroughnaturalisticlandscapes.Itcanconcealourelectricaland
datalinesbelowurbanagriculture.Itcanassurethepurityofourdrinkingwater,
serveaseducationalresourcesforourschoolsandenticenewbusinessand
residentstolocateinourtownsandcities.
Thisbookchallengesmunicipalitiestoreformulatetheirpoliciesfortrails,
parkland,stormwatermanagement,wildlifehabitatandothergreen
infrastructurecomponents.Greeninfrastructurewon’tsignificantlymitigate
greenhousegasemissions,butitcanhelpusadapttothechangeswecanno
longeravoid.
Definitionsandthemes
“Greeninfrastructure”isatermthatisevolvinginitsmeaning.Wearefamiliar
withtheinfrastructureoftransportation(highways,bridges,trafficsignals,
automobiles,petroleumrefineries,etc.),potablewater(wells,reservoirs,water
mains,etc.),sewagetreatment,communications(telephone,data,telev
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