非谓语整理.docx
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非谓语整理.docx
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非谓语整理
非谓语动词(高考核心考查点)
一.基本概念:
1.什么是谓语动词(动词的谓语形式)?
什么是非谓语动词(动词的非谓语形式)?
在英语中可以充当句子谓语的词必须是动词,而这个动词形式又必须与句子的主语间保持着正确的人称,数,及语态,时态的变化关系,即:
主语的人称,数,时间,及主语与动词之间的主动发出或被动反射关系,这一正确的变化关系就是动词的谓语形式,也是我们判断句中的谓语形式正确与否的依据.
(*注意:
以please构成的祈使句通常是省去主语的,但句中的动词仍是谓语形式!
(Please)standup!
Look!
Don’tmove!
)
需特别注意的是:
尽管句中的谓语必须用动词充当,但并非句中的每一个动词都是动词的谓语形式.如:
1.)HewentNanjingtoseehisbrotherlastweek.(tosee)
2.)Whathesaidmadeusthinkabouttheproblem.(think)
3.)Tomenjoysswimminginsummer.(swimming)
4.)Mywatchdoesn’twork,whichIwillhaverepaired.(repaired)
从以上例句中可看出动词形式:
tosee,think,swimming,和repaired有以下特点:
1.)与句子的主语之间并无正确的人称,数,等关系,即:
不随主语的变化而变化
2.)仍有动词的明显特征,如:
动作意义,主被动含义(注意:
不是主被动语态)
*结论:
这种与句子的主语之间无人称,数的变化关系,但又有着动词固有的特征的动词形式---一个不能充当谓语的动词形式,就是动词的非谓语形式(非谓语动词).因此,解与动词有关的题目时,首先考虑的就是:
此处该用谓语还是非谓语?
!
2.非谓语动词的表现形式---哪些动词形式是非谓语形式?
基本形式
主动变形形式
被动变形形式
todo
tobedoing
tohavedone
tobedone
tohavebeendone
doing
havingdone
havingbeendone
done
注意:
1.)动词的单三人称,如:
goes和过去式,如:
went一类的动词形式,永远是谓语形式.难点是:
很多动词的过去式的拼写与过去分词(done)完全一样,所以很容易混淆.
3.)动词原形既可充当谓语(但仅限于一般现在时,非单三人称做主语时,以及一些情态动词之后),又可充当非谓语,要注意辨别
二.非谓语动词的语法功能----在句中所充当的成分:
A.作主语:
非谓语动词形式中的todosth,tobedone,doingsth,havingdonesth,
beingdone,havingbeendone在句中可充当主语,使用要点如下:
1.)Dosth不可作主语.X:
Getupearlyisagoodhabit.---Gettingupearlyisagoodhabit.
2.)Doingsth作主语与Todosth作主语的区别是:
Doingsth常表示一个习惯上的,经常发生的动作;而Todosth则表示一个具体的,某一时刻发生的动作.试比较:
Goingswimmingonahotsummerdayisapleasure.(习惯性,经常性)
Togoswimmingwithyoutodayisapleasure.(具体性)
3.)被动态的doing,即:
beingdone作主语时,being不可省略,done不可直接作主语.
X:
Blamedforbreakingtheunvaluablecupmadehimannoyed.---
Beingblamedforbreakingtheunvaluablecupmadehimannoyed.
4.)如要明确表示doing是谁发出的或beingdone反射到谁身上,必须在doing,
beingdone前面+sb’s/sth’s(所有格)
(1)Thathecamelateforclassmadetheteacherangry.
SP
=Hiscominglateforclassmadetheteacherangry.
SP
(2)Thattheenvironmentiswellprotectedisimportant.
SP
=Theenvironment’sbeingwellprotectedisimportant.
SP
5.)Doingsth,Todosth作主语时,句中谓语必须用单数,不要受紧贴谓语的的名词的干扰:
Eatingmorefruitandvegetablesisgoodforourhealth.
B.作表语:
(在系动词后面,主要是用:
todo,doing,done)
(1.)Hisjibiscleaningtheschool.
(2.)Hispurposeistowinthefirstprize.
(3.)Luckily,nobodygotinjuredintheaccident.
(4.)Glasswallslooksowelldesignedbutwemayfeeluninvited/refused.
C.作宾语:
所谓非谓语动词作宾语,就是将一个非谓语动词形式放在句中的谓语后面构成:
主+谓(P)+动词(v)+其他的句式,即:
一个动+动的句式,其分类如下:
1.普通类:
S+P+todo/tobedone+其他.注意:
英语中大多数的动词后只可用todo,
tobedone作宾语(例外:
helptodo/dosth),但某些动词,词组后则可用不定式的
各种变形形式作宾语,所以必须牢记这些动词和词组:
表一.
主语
谓语可用动词
宾语:
不定式主动变形形式
宾语:
不定式被动变形形式
Sb/sth+
seem
appear
happen
pretend
todosth
tobedoing
tohavedone
tobedone
tohavebeendone
(1)Hepretendedtoworkhardafterhefailedintheexam.
(towork发生在谓语pretended之后)
(2)Hepretendedtobeworkinghardwhentheemployercamein.
(tobeworking与谓语pretended同时发生)
(3)HepretendedtohaveknownthenewswhenIshowedhimthenewspaper.
(tohaveknown发生在谓语pretended之前)
(4)Allthefoodmayhappentobeeatenwhenwegettheparty,I’mafraid.
(tobeeaten发生在谓语happen之后)
(5)Allofthemhappenedtobehavingdinnerwhenwegottotheparty.
(tobehaving与谓语happened同时发生)
(6)Allthefoodhappenedtohavebeeneatenwhenwegottotheparty.
(tohavebeeneaten发生在谓语happened之前)
表二.
主语
谓语可用动词
宾语:
不定式主动变形形式
宾语:
不定式被动变形形式
Sb/sth+
besaid
bethought
besupposed
beconsidered
bebelieved
bereported
beknown
todosth
tobedoing
tohavedone
tobedone
tohavebeendone
(1)HeissaidtogototheU.Stostudynextyear.
(togo发生在谓语issaid之后)
(2)Heissaidtobewritinganewnovelatpresent.
(tobewriting与谓语issaid同时发生)
(3)HeissaidtohavestudiedintheU.S.
(tohavestudied发生在谓语issaid之前)
表三.具有虚拟含义的不定式:
在下例动词,动词词组后用tohavedone,tohavebeendone来表示:
某人当时想做…,但(后来)实际未能做到.
主语
谓语动词形式
宾语:
不定式主/被动变形形式
Sb+
wished
hoped
wanted
intended
meant
wouldlike/love
(would)prefer
was/were
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
(1)Iwouldlikeverymuchtohavejoinedyouinthepicnic.
(我本非常愿意和你们一起去野炊)
(2)Ihoped/wanted/intendedtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty.
(我真希望被邀请去参加了那个聚会)
使用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语时的注意要点:
(1)必须牢记哪些动词后面可用不定式的各种变形形式作宾语.
(2)准确地判断句中该用不定式的主动类(todo,tobedoing,tohavedone),还是被动类(tobedone,tohavebeendone),再判断时间(时态含义)上的区别.因为语态含义是指不定式与句子主语之间的逻辑关系,是原则问题,而时态关系则是语境问题,是细微差别.如:
Hehappened_________(call)onwhenhewasaway.
Thescientistsseem______________(interest)inthisfieldforalongtime.
*特殊情况中的不定式作宾语:
(1)介词but,except(除…之外)后面既可跟todosth,也可跟dosth用法为:
a.)当but/except前没有实意动词do的任何形式时:
用todosth;
Wehadnochoiceatthattimebuttogiveintohim.
Hesaidnothingbut/excepttothrowhimselfintothechair.
b.)当but/except前有实意动词do的任何形式时:
用dosth:
Hedidnothinginthemorningbut/exceptwatchTV.
Alltheday,heseemstohavenothingtodobut/exceptchatonline.
(2)wh-词:
what,who,which,when,where,how,whether,(why除外)后面都可以跟一个不定式的主动式:
wh-+todo来替代一个完整的宾语从句,主语从句或表语从句:
主句
从句
wh-词+todo
Idon’tknow
whowillgotothemeeting.
(主动态)
whoweshouldsendtothecompany.
(主动态)
whotogotothemeeting.
主,谓关系
whotosendtothecompany.
动,宾关系
Idon’tknow
whatwecandotostoppollution.
(主动态)
whattodotostoppollution.
动,宾关系
Idon’tknow
whichbookIcanchoose.
(主动态)
whichbooktochoose.
动,宾关系
*需要特别注意的是:
在完整的从句中,当wh-词与从句的谓语为动宾关系时,仍用不定式的
主动形式todo,来表示这一动宾关系,而不是用被动形式tobedone来表示.即:
主动形式
表示被动含义.Theyhavenevertoldmewhat_________.(选出所有错误).
A.istodoB.todoC.istobedoneD.tobedone.
(3)why+dosth/notdosth?
构成的省略句与完整的问句含义完全不同:
前者不是疑问而是祈使或建议.
Comein.Whystandintherain?
Youarefree.Whynotjoinusintheboating?
2.重点类:
1.S+P(特定动词后必须)+doingsth/beingdone
2.S+P(特定词组后必须)+doingsth/beingdone
3.S+P(特定词组含介词to后必须)+doingsth/beingdone
表
(一)后面必须跟doingsth/beingdone的动词(共28个)
特定动词
+
可用动词形式
avoid,admit,appreciate
advise,allow
+
doingsth/beingdone
bear,tolerate,stand
+
doingsth/beingdone
consider,complete
+
doingsth/beingdone
dislike,delay,deny
+
doingsth/beingdone
enjoy,escape,excuse
+
doingsth/beingdone
finish,favour(喜欢,爱好)
+
doingsth/beingdone
imagine
+
doingsth/beingdone
keep(on)
+
doingsth/beingdone
mind,miss
+
doingsth/beingdone
oppose(反对)
+
doingsth/beingdone
practise,permit
+
doingsth/beingdone
risk,resist
+
doingsth/beingdone
suggest
+
doingsth/beingdone
understand
+
doingsth/beingdone
表
(二)后面必须跟doing/beingdone的词组:
(共11个)
beworth
+doingsth
bebusy
+doingsth/beingdone
befarfrom/(反义)becloseto
+doingsth/beingdone
can’t/couldn’thelp/resist
+doingsth/beingdone
feellike
+doingsth/beingdone
putoff
+doingsth/beingdone
insiston
+doingsth/beingdone
succeedin
+doingsth/beingdone
spend/waste/time/money(in)
+doingsth/beingdone
have/finddifficulty/trouble(in)
+doingsth/beingdone
Therebe(no)point/sense(in)
+doingsth/beingdone
注意:
beworth后面不能跟:
beingdone
表(三)词组含介词to后面必须跟doingsth/beingdone的词组(共30个)
pay/draw/call/(one’s)attention
todoingsth/beingdone
attractsb/one’sattention
todoingsth/beingdone
switch(sth)/shift(sth)
todoingsth/beingdone
adapt(sth)/adjust(sth)
todoingsth/beingdone
lead
todoingsth/beingdone
devotesth/oneself/bedevoted
todoingsth/beingdone
getdown
todoingsth/beingdone
contribute(sth)
todoingsth/beingdone
haveaccess/anapproach
todoingsth/beingdone
lookforward
todoingsth/beingdone
object(反对)=beopposed
todoingsth/beingdone
be/getused/accustomed
todoingsth/beingdone
be/getaddicted
todoingsth/beingdone
berelated/inrelation
todoingsth/beingdone
Beclose/next/ontheway
todoingsth/beingdone
beavailable
todoingsth/beingdone
a/thekey/answer/reply
todoingsth/beingdone
a/thesolution
todoingsth/beingdone
a/theresponse/reaction
todoingsth/beingdone
a/thelink
todoingsth/beingdone
表(四)S+P(同一个动词)+todosth与+doingsth含义不同(六组)
remembertodosth
rememberdoingsth
forgettodosth
forgetdoingsth
regrettosth
forgetdoingsth
meantosth
meandoingsth
can’t/couldn’thelptodosth
can’t/couldn’thelpdoingsth
trytodosth
trydoingsth
掌握要点:
1.remember/forget/regret后面跟todosth时,todo表示的动作没有发生,而跟doingsth或有时跟havingdone则表示动作已发生
2.mean的主语为sb时,后面常跟todosth,而主语为sth时,必须跟doingsth,即:
sbmeantodosth=sbwant/intendtodosth
sthmeandoing
Henevermeanstocometoschoollate.
Ifyoucometoschoollateagain,itwillmeanyourbeingpunished.
Doingitthiswaymeansaskingfortrouble.
3.sbcan’thelpdoingsth:
禁不住/忍不住做某事
sbcan’thelp(to)dosth:
无法/不能帮助做某事
IknownothingaboutmachinessoIcan’thelp(to)repairthecar.
4.sbtrytodosth:
某人尽力做某事
sbtrydoingsth:
某人试试看能否做某事
Trysolvingthemathsproblemanotherwayifyoufailthisway.
D.作补足语:
在主动态的句子中作宾语补足语;在被动态中作主语补足语,分类句式如下:
1.普通类:
A.主动态:
S+P+sb/sth(宾语)+todosth/tobedone
B.被动态:
S+bedone+todosth/tobedone
说明:
1.)英语中的绝大多数可以跟宾语再跟宾补的及物动词都可以用以上主,被动句型
2.)此时宾补和主补的形式一样
Theywantmetoemailthecompany.Theywantthecompanytobeemailed.
Iamwantedtoemailthecompany.Thecompanyiswantedtobeemailed.
2.重点类:
S+P+sb/sth+dosth2)S+P+sb/sth+doingsth3)S+P+sb/sth+done
具体动词见表:
动词
宾语
可用宾补形式
可用宾补形式
可用宾补形式
备注
(看动词)see,
lookat,watch,
notice,observe
stareat,
glanceat,
glareat
catchsightof
sb/sth
dosth
doingsth
done
被动态中do必须变为todosth
(听动词)
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