城市夜经济中英文.docx
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城市夜经济中英文.docx
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城市夜经济中英文
城市夜经济中英文2019
英文
Beyondnight-timeeconomy:
Affectiveatmospheresoftheurbannight
RobertShaw
Abstract
Thispaperdevelopstheuseoftheconceptofatmosphereinan‘assemblageurbanism’approach,asawayofreevaluatinghowweunderstandthenight-timecity.Indoingso,thispaperrejectswhatitseesasanoveruseoftheterm‘night-timeeconomy’asasynonymfor‘urbannight’.Instead,itseekstodescribethenight-timecitycenterasanaffectiveatmosphere,emergingfromthearrangingofpractices,bodiesandmaterials.Inthisvision,anaffectiveatmosphereisbestunderstoodasaformof‘placedassemblage’.MystudiesoftaxidriversandstreetcleanersinaBritishcityareusedtoillustrateandexplorehowthisoccurs,drawingfromananalyticframeworkdevelopedoutoftheworkofDeleuzeandGuattari.Assuch,thispaperoffersabroadervisionoftheurbannight,whichseestheperspectivetakenby‘night-timeeconomystudies’asreflectingjustaportionofthepracticeswhichgeneratetheaffectiveatmosphereofthenight-timecitycenter.
Keywords:
Night-timeeconomy,Assemblage,Affectiveatmospheres,Urbangeography,ractices
1. Introduction
‘Assemblageurbanism’hascometotheforeinattemptstobringtogetherpractice,affectandmaterialistorientedapproachestounderstandingwhatthecityisandhowitfunctions.Assemblageurbanismhasemphasisedthecontinuousconstructionandproductionofthecitythroughpracticesandthemovementofmaterials(Andersonetal.,2012, McCannandWard,2011, McFarlane,2011).Thisplacesnewquestionsatthecentreofurbanstudies,aspartofawidershiftintheepistemologyofgeographyandsocialscience.Thekeyissuesforresearchbecome:
“howdothingsfittogetherandholdtogetheracrossdifferences?
Howtothinktheirreduciblecontingencyoforder?
”(AndersonandHarrison,2010:
18).Thispaperisanattempttoexplorethesequestionsinrelationtothenighttimecity.Todate,researchintothenight-timecityspreadacrosscriminology,geography,sociology,anthropology,history,epidemiologyandmorehascapturedandexploredthechangingnatureofcitiesatnight,asnewsortsofspaces,which ChattertonandHollands(2002) labelasplayscapes.Thesehavedevelopedaccordingtourbangovernancestrategiesthathaveprioritisedthecreationoflarge(chain)bars,pubsandrestaurants.ResearchhasmainlycentredontheBritishandAustraliancontexts,thoughithasalsoexplorednight-timecitiesinEurope,NorthAmericaandEastAsia.Throughthisresearch,‘night-timeeconomystudies’hashadacloseaffinitywithalcoholstudies(Jayneetal.,2008, Nicholls,2009).Reviewsofprogressofthisfieldinthelast5 years(Jayneetal.,2011a, RobertsandEldridge,2009)haveindicatedindicatingacertainlevelofacademicmaturityinthisfield,mirroringanendtoaperiodofgrowthinEnglandofalcoholconsumptionintheurbannight.
Approachingtheurbannightfroman‘assemblageurbanism’position,however,canraisethequestionofwhetherthisareaofresearchhasbeentooquicktoequatetheurbannightwiththenight-timealcoholandleisureindustry(‘thenight-timeeconomy’).Rather,theremaybespacetoexplorehownon-economicandnon-alcoholbasedpracticesintersectwithmorevisiblefeaturesoftheurbannight.Indoingso,Iaddrecentworkonatmosphere(Anderson,2009, Bissell,2010)intotheassemblage-relatedvocabulary,arguingthatthisoffersaparticularlygeographicalunderstandingoftheroleofassemblageinthecity.Myworkalsobuildsuponrecentattemptstobegintopushresearchintoalcoholandthenightinnewdirections,incorporatingtheaffectiveandatmosphericdimensionsofnight-timecities(Edensor,2012, EldridgeandRobert,2013).Inthispaper,myempiricalfocusremainsonthenight-timealcoholandleisureindustry.However,itdoessobyfocusingnotonthenight-timecityasasingular‘economy’,butasan‘affectiveatmosphere’.Iworkthroughamixtureoftheoreticalandempiricalexploration,drawingonmyresearchwithtaxidriversandstreetcleanersinthecitycentreatnightinordertoexplorebothhowatmospheresofthecitycentrearegenerated,andalsowheretheystarttospilloutandconnecttotherestofthecity.Developingthis,Ithenarguethatifweunderstandanaffectiveatmosphereasaformof‘placedassemblage’,wecancreateapowerfultoolforusingassemblage-as-descriptionofthenight-timecity.Inotherwords,Iarguethatcertainassemblagesemergefrommultiplepracticeswhichcollaborateandgathertogethertocontrolatimeandplace,producingparticular‘affectiveatmospheres’.Manyfeaturesofwhathaspreviouslybeenlabelledthe‘night-timeeconomy’arethenbetterunderstoodasonesuchatmosphere,aplacedassemblagedevelopedoutofmultiplepracticesofwhichthesale,regulationandgovernanceofalcoholisjustonepart.
2. Assemblageurbanismandatmosphere
ThoughgeographersandpeopleinurbanstudieshavebeenworkingwiththeideasofDeleuzeandGuattariforseveralyears(e.g. Doel,1996, Nandrea,1999),theconceptofassemblagehascometothecentreofattentiononlymorerecently,inconversationwiththemultipleotherformsof‘relational’geographythatnowdominatethediscipline(Harrison,2011).Thisslowemergenceandconversationbetweenmultipleperspectivesmeansthatthecontemporaryconceptofassemblageinurbangeographyisnotasimpledevelopmentoftheword‘agencement’fromDeleuzeandGuattari(DeleuzeandGuattari,1987, Phillips,2006).Particularly,italsoincorporates:
perspectiveswhichfocusonthenotionofdailylifeandtheurbanas‘assembled’,thatis,asconstantlyin-production(McCannandWard,2011);andthevocabularyofactor-networktheory,inwhichthetopicofstudyisthewayinwhichsocietyisbroughttogether,thatis,assembled(Latour,2005).Crucially,assemblageinallitsformsisinterestedin“aprocessofemergence,processandstabilisation,andconnotesasensethatrelationsmightbereassembledthroughchangingformsofauthority”(McFarlane,2009:
261).Inthissection,Iwanttoofferabriefreviewofassemblage,notingthatanumberofarticlesinrecentyearshaveattemptedtooffermuchlongerandmorein-depthexplorationsoftheidea(Andersonetal.,2012, AndersonandMcFarlane,2011, McFarlane,2011, McFarlaneandAnderson,2011),beforefocusingonhowitmightconnecttoandbebroughtintocontactwiththeconceptof‘atmosphere’.Fromhere,Iwillmoveontodiscussingworkonnight-timeeconomyand,throughmyempiricalexamples,explorethedifferentwaysofunderstandingthenight-timecitythatthisoffers.
DeleuzeandGuattariusethetermagencement,whichistranslatedasassemblage(DeleuzeandGuattari,1987, Phillips,2006).Forthem,assemblageis“largerthanstructure,system,form,processetc.Anassemblagecontainsheterogeneouselementsonabiological,social,machinic,gnoseological,orimaginaryorder”(Guattari,2006:
415).InthisquoteGuattaridetailsthecomplexityanddepthofassemblage,whichhereisreferringtobothobjectandprocess.Itisworthnoting,asPhillipsdoes,thatDeleuzeandGuattaridonotusetheFrenchwordassemblage(Phillips,2006).Thewordagencementcomesfromaddingacommonsuffix(‘-ment’)ontotheverb agencer,translatingas‘toarrange’.Arguably,amoresuitabletranslationofagencementmightthusbe‘arrangement’orinagerundformof‘(an)arranging’.Indeed,assemblagefitsperhapsbesttothelinguisticsenseofthegerundinEnglish,whichcanactinasentenceassubject,objectorverb.SowhileDeleuzeandGuattaritypicallywriteofassemblageasanoun,thewordcontainswithinitastrongsenseofverb.Itisthiswayinwhichitispossibletoconsider“assemblageasethos”,inwhichethosis“potentiallyacommitment,a‘style’,aformofresponsibilityorgenerosity”(Adey,2012:
200),inotherwords,bothnounandverb.Assemblagethusoffersacombinationofstructureandprocess,formingcontingent,vibrantarrangingsthatweinteractwithonadailybasis,bothintheir‘structural’form,andtheir‘processual’form.Hereassemblageisthusaboutarrangingco-existences:
abouthowthestableandtheunstable,thesolidandthelightinteracttoproducethething.
Anassemblageislocatedbothinobjectsandpracticesthatwecanidentifyintheworld,andintherealmofthepotential,containingaspectswhichhavenotyetbeenrealised.ToreturntoDeleuzeandGuattari’sterminology,“onesideofamachinicassemblagefacesthestrata,whichdoubtlessmakesitakindoforganism,orsignifyingtotality,ordeterminationattributabletothesubject;italsohasasidefacingabodywithoutorgans,whichiscontinuallydismantlingtheorganism,causingasignifyingparticlesorpureintensitiestopassorcirculate”(DeleuzeandGuattari,1987:
4).Crucially,thisunderstandingofassemblageincorporatestwoaspectsthatareuniquetotheDeleuzo–Guattarianformation,andarenotnecessarilyfoundinotherusesof‘assemblage’.First,thisrequiresthatweconsiderthe‘lively’(Bennett,2005)natureofassemblages:
assemblagesinDeleuzeandGuattariareof“lines”(DeleuzeandGuattari,1987),ofmomentsofmeetingbetweendifferentthings.Inotherwords,wearenotlookingatpermanentconnectionsbetweendomainsofpractices,buttheinstancesorplacesinwhichtheysometimesmeet.Second,assemblagesinDeleuzeandGuattariareambivalent,thatis,theyincorporateboththosepracticeswhichsupportanassemblageandthosewhichundermineit.ReturningagaintoGuattari,hedescribesassemblagesasbeing“ofpossiblefields,ofvirtualasmuchasconstitutedelements”(Guattari,1995:
46).Inotherwords,assemblagedemandsthatwedomuchmore
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