语言学总结.docx
- 文档编号:26662076
- 上传时间:2023-06-21
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:25
- 大小:34.77KB
语言学总结.docx
《语言学总结.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学总结.docx(25页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
语言学总结
1.Linguistics/linguist(语言学)
Definition:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2.Branchesofgenerallinguistics:
centralcore(语言学的分支,中央核心)
Phonetics(语音学)
Phonology(音位学)
Morphology(形态学)
Syntax(句法)
Semantics(语义学)
Pragmatics(语用学)
3.Descriptive/prescriptive(描述,规定)
Descriptivestudy(描述性研究):
1.Describeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.2.Modernlinguistics(现代语言学)ismostlydescriptive.Itisscientific(科学的)andobjective(客观的).
Prescriptivestudy(规范研究):
1.Laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage.2.Tellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.3.Traditionalgrammar(传统语法)isbasedon“high”writtenlanguageandaimstosetmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.
4.Synchronicanddiachronic(共时的,历时的)
Synchronicstudy(共时性研究):
1.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
2.Asynchronicapproachenjoyspriority(优先权)overadiachronicone.
Diachronicstudy(历时研究):
Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.
5.Langue/parole<语言/言语>
(1).ThedistinctionbetweenthetwoconceptswasmadebyF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury.
(2).WhoisSaussure?
F.deSaussure,SwissLinguist--FatherofModernLinguistics.Hiswork“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”<普通语言学>marksthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.
(3).Langue:
Abstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Setofconventionsandruleswhichalllanguageusersallhavetoabideby.
Parole:
Realizationoflanguageinactualuse.Concreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.
Comparison:
Langue:
abstract;stableParole:
concrete;varied
InSaussure’sopinion,paroleissimplyamassoflinguisticfacts,toovaried,andconfusingforsystematicinvestigation,andwhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole.
Competenceandperformance
ThedistinctionbetweenthetwoconceptswasproposedbyN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.N.Chomsky,AmericanLinguist,
(1)Competence:
语言能力Idealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performance:
语言运用Actualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
总结:
Distinctionbetweenthetwopairsofnotions:
Saussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions. 6.Modernlinguisticsandthetraditionalgrammar ModernLinguistics: descriptive,叙述性的Speech,Universalframework TraditionalGrammar: Prescriptive规范性的,Writing,Latin-basedframework 7.Designfeatures: Arbitrariness/Productivity/Displacement/Culturaltransmission 1.whatislanguage? Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbols任意的有声信号usedforhumancommunication. CharlesF.HocketthaswrittenabookcalledaCourseInModernLinguistics 2.Designfeaturesoflanguage结构特点 Arbitrariness(任意性)Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds. Productivity(创造性)Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers. Duality(结构二重性)Lowerlevel: astructureofmeaninglesssounds,Higherlevel: groupedandregroupedsoundswithmeaning Displacement(不受时空限制的特征)Languagescanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces. Culturaltransmission(文化传递)Thedetailedofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned. 8.Phonetics: Articulataryphonetics/auditoryphonetics/acousticphonetics Thestudyofsoundsisdividedinto3areas: (1)Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学 (2)Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学 (3)Acousticphonetics声学语言学 9.①Pharyngealcavity: thethroat咽腔 ②Oralcavity: themouth口腔 ③Nasalcavity: thenose鼻腔 10.IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标) [辨InternationalPhoneticAssociation国际语音协会] ThefirstversionoftheIPAwaspublishedin1888.TheIPAhasbeenrevisedandcorrectedseveraltimesandthepresentsystemofIPAderivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920s,bytheBritishphoneticianDanielJones(琼斯)andhiscolleaguesatuniversityofLondon. 11.①Placeofarticulation(发音部位) [弱弱的补充一下]发音部位包括: bilabial双唇音.labiodental唇齿音.dental齿间音.alveolar齿龈音.palatal硬腭音.velar软腭音.glottal声门音.Postalveolar后齿龈音.retroflex卷舌音.uvular小舌音.pharyngeal咽音。 ②Mannerofarticulation(发音方法) 包括: stop爆破音.Fricative摩擦音.Affricates破擦音.Lateral边音.(median)approximant中通音. 12.Phonology(音系学)andPhonetics(语音学) Phoneticsstudiedhowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived. Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundsystemoflanguages. 13.Phone: isaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.(P23) 音素: 是从音色的角度划分出来的最小的语音单位。 在语音学与音韵学中,音素一词所指的是说话时所发出的声音。 音素是具体存在的物理现象。 Phone: doesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.Somedo,somedon’t.forexample,[s]and[t]do,as[si: m]and[ti: m]aretwowordswithtotallydifferentmeanings,and[th]and[t]don’t,as[stop]and[sthop]meanthesametoaspeakerofEnglish. Phoneme: isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext. 音位: 在某一特殊语种中的有限的发音类别中的一个,它的改变可以使该语言中的词汇与其他词汇区别开。 音位应该与人体的发音严格的区分开,因为音位是指一个有规律的有限的发音系统而人体的发音则是无限的。 音位是音位学的单位,而人体发音则是从医学或物理学角度考虑的声音效果。 Eg: /p/peak→[ph]→withastrongpuffofairsteam→aspirated /p/speak→[p]→thepuffofairwithheld→unaspirated So/p/isaphonemeintheEnglishsoundsystem,anditcanberealizeddifferentlyasaspiratedorunaspiratedindifferentcontext. Conventionallyphonesareplacedwithinsquarebrackets,andphonemesinslashes,e.g./p/,/l/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/m/… Allophones: Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments. Forexample,thephonemeis/l/canberealizedasdark[I],clear[l],etc.whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/. Similarsoundsrelatedintwoways: 1).Phonemiccontrast: Tworelateddistinctivephonemes. /p/-[pit],[roup] /b/-[bit],[roub] 2).Complementarydistribution(互补分布): Allophonesofthesamephonemeoccurringindifferentphoneticenvironment,whichdonotdistinguishmeaning. Clear/l/-beforeavowel: look,leap Dark/l/-betweenavowelandaconsonants,orattheendofaword: till,nail,feel Minimalpair: (最小对立体)Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.Aneasywaytodothisistofindtheminimalpairs. Minimalpair: whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair. Pill-bill,dill-gill,pill-till,till-kill,kill-dill,dill-gill Beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat 音位的确定: 通过对比替换方法; 词首(pill/fill、pill/kill、till/dill、till/kill、kill/gill)、词中(lock/log、bit/bid、hurt/heard、trap/trash)、词尾(hit/hot、feet/foot、fail/full、beat/boot、bit/but)具有最小对立体; 元音、辅音(lob/lead、pot/dog、pill/bell)均可成为最小对立体。 14.Suprasegmentalfeatures9(超音段特征): hephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments. ).Stress(重读): Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress: wordstressandsentencestress. ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.Forexample,ashiftofstressmaychangethepartofspeechofawordfromanountoaverbalthoughitsspellingremainsunchanged.Thenounhasthestressonthefirstsyllableandthecorrespondingverbhasthestressonthesecondsyllable. 词重音实例: 'importn.--im'portv./'increasen.--in'creasev.' Similaralterationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements. AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompoundsisthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,andthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress. Eg: lackbird: referstoaparticularkindofbird,whichisnotnecessarilyblack.(black`bird) greenhouseandgreenhouse,hotdogandhotdog 词重音实例(动名词与分词): Themeaning-distinctiveroleplayedbywordstressisalsomanifestedinthecombinationsof-ingformsandnouns. Eg: dining-room,readingglasses,sewingmachine,sleepingbaby,swimmingfish Twotypes: 1)onetype,the-ingformservesasamodifierofthenoun,e.g.dining-room,readingglasses.Theseareactuallycompoundnouns. Asarule,inpronouncingthistypeof-ing+nouncombinations,thewordstressalwaysfallsonthefirstelement;thesecondelementreceivessecondarystress: 'dining-room,'readingglasses,'sewingmachine. 2)theothertypeof-ing+nouncombinations,thenounisactuallythedoeroftheactionindicatedbythe-ingform,e.g.sleepingbaby,swimmingfish. Thesearenotcompoundnouns,butnounphraseswithan-ingparticiplemodifier.Forthesecombinations,theprimarystressfallsontheheadnoun,andthe-ingformreceivessecondarystress. Sentencestressreferstotherelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofasentence.ThepartsofspeechthatarenormallystressedinanEnglishsentencearenouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs,numeralsanddemonstrativepronouns;theothercategoriesofwordslikearticles,personpronouns,auxiliaryverbs,prepositions,andconjunctionsareusuallynotstressed. Tone(音调): Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegmentalfeature.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinwhatwecallto
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 总结