句子六大成分.docx
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句子六大成分.docx
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句子六大成分
句子六大成分:
主谓宾、定状表。
主语、宾语和表语:
通常由代词或者名词构成;定语:
修饰名词;状语:
修饰形容词或者动词;表语:
接在系动词后面;
(一).代词:
人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。
1人称代词:
第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格;
I,you,he,she,it,me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,its.
2物主代词
①形容词性物主代词:
my,your,his,her,our,their,后面加名词;
②名词性物主代词:
mine,yours,his,hers,ours,theirs,后面不能加名词。
eg:
MayIborrowyourpen?
Mineismissing.
3反身代词:
通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。
强调人称问题。
eg:
ImyselftookMarytotheairport.
Icookeditmyself.
4.指示代词:
this,that,these,those
5.不定代词:
some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,noone,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.
一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别:
(1)all,each,every:
①all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体;each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;
②all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;
eg:
Everystaffoftheuniversitycontributedtothefund.
Twogirlscame,andIgaveanappletoeach.
(2)everyone&everyone
everyone等同于everybody,allpeople,指的是所有的人;
eg:
Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobehere.
everyone既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用everyoneof;
eg:
Everyoneofushasfaultsandshortcomings.
Everyoneofthefilmswehaveshownthisyearhasbeenasucces.
(3)noone&none
noone只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of;
eg:
Noonefailedtheexamination.
Noneofthestudentsfailedtheexamination.
6.it的用法
(1)指代人,通常用于口语中;
(2)书面语:
①it用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等
eg:
It'sthreeyearssinceIsawhim.
②it用来前指或者后指
eg:
I'velostmybook.Whereisit?
Thereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineteacher.
③it做形式主语
eg:
Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryquickly?
④it做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后
常见动词有:
feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,think,suppose,regard
eg:
Shethinksitnousetellingme.
Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn'tagreetotheplan.
⑤it用于强调句,构成句型It's…that/who…
如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it?
eg:
It'sclearthattheyhavewon.
如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。
(二)名词
1.可数名词
有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。
名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es,以y结尾的,变y为i,再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。
有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind等;
eg:
Severalhundredspolicewereondutyatthedemonstrationyesterday.
Cattleareallowedtograzeonthevillagecommon.
不可数名词:
通常是物质名词或者抽象名词
2.不可数名词:
通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.
前面可以加上单位词,进行分类:
常见单位词:
①apieceof+advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse
②abitof、anitemof、anarticleof
3.名词在翻译中遇到的问题:
(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:
eg:
water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟)
(2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词
①不定冠词:
a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;
eg:
GermanyisaEuropeancountry.
②定冠词:
表示特定或特指
eg:
Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?
定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:
如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物
the+名词:
表示全部或者整体
eg:
Doyouknowwhoinventedthecomputer?
用于乐器或专有名词前,如playthepiano、theThames
8.原因状语从句
连接词:
because,since,as,for,nowthat,inthat,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof;
比较:
because,since,as和for
1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。
当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或since。
Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasafraid.
Since/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourjourney.
2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。
但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。
Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.
Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.
nowthat:
既然;
inthat:
因为,通常只能放在句中,强调重要的,唯一的的原因;
eg:
Nowthatthissemesterisfinished,Iamgoingtorestafewdaysandtakeatrip.
Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalsinthathumancanspeakandthink.
owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseof,asaresultof等短语后面只能接词或短语,不能接从句;
7.条件状语从句:
(1)连接词:
if,once,aslongas,onconditionthat
①如果引导的条件可以实现,主将从现;
②如果引导的条件和事实相反,则用虚拟语气;
eg:
Ifwintercomescanspringbefarbehind.
Aslongasitdoesn'train,wecanplay.
Youcangooutonconditionthatyouwearanovercoat.
Moderncarsarefartoughertosteal,astheirenginemanagementcomputerwon'tallowthemtostartunlesstheyreceiveauniqueIDcodebeamedoutbytheignition(点火)key.
9.让步状语从句
常见的连接词有though,although,as,while,eventhough
区分though,although,as
eg:
Although/thoughheisachild,hecanlivebyhimself.
as表示虽然的时候,要进行倒装;
Childas/thoughheis,hecanlivebyhimself.
eg:
Although/thoughsheworksveryhard,shemakesverylittleprogress.
Hardassheworks,shemakesverylittleprogress.
Although/thoughsheisyoung,shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.
Youngassheis,shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.
while:
连接两个句子,表示虽然,但是;
eg:
Heisexperiencedwhileheisyoung.
真题分析:
1.Theanti-virusagentwasnotknown
(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)
untiladoctorfinditbychance.
2.Iwouldprefershoppingonlinetoshoppinginadepartmentstorebecause__________(它更加方便和省时)
itismoreconvenientandtimesaving.
3.Butsincewaterismuchcheaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren’tavailableinstores,mostdinersdon’tnoticeorcare.
4.Whilethere’snoquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.
4.结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导;so保留,that可以省略;如此……以至于……;
eg:
Hedidn'tabidebythecontractsothathewasfined.
Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn'tfallasleep.
Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited.
比较:
so和such
(1)so:
so+形容词、副词+that;so+形容词+a/an+名词+that;
eg:
Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.
HerunsofastthatIcouldn'tcatchupwithhim.
Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.
Heissolovelyaboythateveryoneloveshim.
(2)such:
such+a/an+形容词+名词+that
5.比较状语从句:
than,as…as…,notsoas…,(not)thesameas,the+比较级;
eg:
Lighttravelsfastthansound.
the+比较级:
eg:
Thesooner,thebetter.
eg:
Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandartkeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.
(1)当……的时候:
while,when,as;
when:
强调一件事情正在发生的时候,另外一件事情突然发生;
eg:
WhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.
while:
强调两个动作同时进行,一边……一边……;
eg:
Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.
as:
"随时间推移"
eg:
Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerandlonger.
(2)一……就……:
assoonas,主将从现;用directly,immediately,instantly连接两个句子;一些名词如theminute,themoment,theinstant也可表示;nosooner…than,hardly…when后面的句子需要倒装;
eg:
Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedinParis.
(3)特殊单词:
bythetimethat,every/eachtime(使用时后面不要再加when)
(4)till&until:
①肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的;
否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事",一般用until,动词为延续性或非延续性都可以;
eg:
Isleptuntilmidnight.
WaittillIcallyou.
Shedidn'tarriveuntil6o'clock.
②Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首,通常用于句中;
eg:
Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhathappened.
eg:
Asyousleepyoupassthroughasequenceofsleepstates—lightsleep,deepsleepandREM(rapideyemovement)sleep—thatrepeatsapproximatelyevery90minutes.
eg:
Itwassuchahotdaythatcropswilted.
3.目的状语从句
可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导;
lest:
以防;从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形;
eg:
Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetit.
Hetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldrain.
incase:
以防;与lest不同,从句里的时态不做特殊变化;
eg:
Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.
forfeatthat:
和lest保持一致;
eg:
Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganizedsothatparticipantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.
let…down…:
让……感到气馁;
2.方式状语从句:
方式状语从句通常由as,,asif,asthough,theway,what引导;
eg:
Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.
Whenenterromedoastheromansdo.
(1)as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像";
(2)asif/though:
"仿佛……似的","好像……似的";
有时用虚拟语气,有时不用;
eg:
Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。
)
Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.
(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。
)
Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.
(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。
)
(3)theway:
可以连接两个句子,表达就像……一样;
eg:
Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.
ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUS.thewaymanyAmericansviewMexicanasacheapplacetovacation,shopandparty.
(4)what:
就像,犹如;
eg:
Airistomanwhat/aswateristofish.
句型:
AistoBwhatCistoD.
eg:
A1Gorecallsglobalwarmingan"inconvenienttruth,"asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.
putsb.onapathtoasolution:
找到解决的办法;
介绍一下only的用法。
一、only引导的词组或句子放在句首作状语时,通常要用倒装结构。
如
Onlyinthiswaycanyousolvetheproblem.
只有通过这种方式你才能解决问题。
Onlyifyoustudyhardcanyoupasstheexam.
只有努力学习才能通过考试。
OnlythendidIrealizemymistake.
只有那时我才意识到错了。
二、notonly...(butalso)出现在句首时,如果架连接的是两个句子,常用倒装。
如
Notonlydidweloseallourmoney,butwealsocameclosetolosingourlives.
我们不仅丢了钱,还差点把命丢了。
Notonlydidhespeakcorrectly,buthealsospokeeasily.
他不仅说得准确,而且说得很轻松。
三、only放在不定式前面,常表示不愉快或出乎人们的意料的结果。
如
Iwentallthewaytohishomeonlytofindhimeoutatameeting.
我径直到他家里去,不料发现他出去开会了。
Ihurriedtothepostofficeonlytofinditclosed.
我匆忙赶到邮局,不料已经关门了。
Shewenthomeonlytofindherhouseburglarized.
她回到家里,发现房子被盗了。
四、“too...to...”结构中,表示否定意思,但在“onlytoo...to...”结构中,onlytoo=very,表示肯定意思。
如
Thepatientistooweaktowalk.
那个病人太虚弱了,走不动。
Weareonlytoowillingtodoitforyou.
我们非常愿意为你做那事。
Iamonlytoodelightedtoacceptyourkinginvitation.
我非常高兴地接受你的邀请。
五、在“oneof+复数名词+定语从句”的结构中,定语从句一般被看作修饰复数名词,
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