Chapter 8 Economic impact of tourism.docx
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Chapter 8 Economic impact of tourism.docx
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Chapter8Economicimpactoftourism
Chapter8Economicimpactsoftourism
Teachingpurposes
☐namethetopdestinationcountriesintermsoftourismrevenueearnings
☐listthemainpositiveandnegativeeconomicimpactsoftourism
☐explaintheconceptoftheincomemultipliereffect(IME)andbeawareofthecircumstancesunderwhichahighorlowIMEmayoccurinadestination
☐understandthedifferencesbetweentheinformalandformalsectorsandtheimplicationsofthesefortourism
☐explainhowtourismcanfunctionasapropulsiveactivitywithinagrowthpolestrategy
☐understandthepositiveinfluencesthatastronginformalsectorcanhaveontheeconomyofadestination
☐identifyandaccountforthecircumstancesunderwhichadestinationismorelikelytoexperiencenegativeratherthanpositiveeconomicimpactsfromtourism
☐appreciatethenegativeconsequencesofrevenueleakagesforadestination
☐describethereasonswhytourismisoftencharacterizedbyafluctuatingpatternofdemand,andtheimplicationsofthisfordestinations
☐appreciatehowtourismcansometimesfosteracompetitiveratherthanacomplementaryrelationshipwithotherlocaleconomicsectorssuchasagriculture
Timeallocation
Chapter8Economicimpactsoftourism
(8periods)
Economicbenefits
3periods
Incomemultiplier
1periods
Economiccosts
3periods
Revenueleakages
1periods
Emphasisanddifficultpoints
Emphasis:
Asystematicapproachtotourism
Difficultpoints:
Originregion,transitregionanddestination
Teachingmethods
Lecturemethod;brainstorming;colloquiummethod;casestudy
Teachingpoints
8.1Introduction
Aswithanyeconomicactivity,thetourismindustryisassociatedwithanarrayofpotentialbenefitsandcosts.Forthesakeofconvenience,wecanclassifytheseimpactsaseconomic,sociaculturalorenvironmental.However,weshouldalwayskeepinthemindthatalltheseimpacts,infact,arecloselyinterrelated.
8.2Economicbenefits
WhentourismemergedasasignificanteconomicsectorinthedecadesfollowingWorldWarII,mostresearchersandgovernmentadministratorsassumeditsgrowthtobeapositiveanddesirableprocess.
8.2.1Directrevenue
Fromadestinationperspective,thepossibilityofsubstantialtourism-deriveddirectrevenuehaslongbeenthemostcompellingincentivetoinitiateormaintaintheprocessoftourismdevelopment.
A:
Tourismreceipts
B:
Taxationrevenue
●airportdeparturetaxes
●bed(orhotelroom)taxes
●permitsforentrytopublicattractionssuchasnationalparks
●entryortransitvisas
●gaminglicenses
Strategiestoincreasedirectrevenue
●numberofvisitors
●lengthofstay
●productwithaddedvalues
C:
ContributionoftourismtoGNP
8.2.2Indirectrevenue
Theissueofindirectrevenuegenerationinvolvesthecirculationoftouristexpenditurewithinadestination.Theindirectcirculationeffectisbeneficialtoothersectorsofthedestination’seconomy.Inmostcases,onlyaportionofthetouristexpenditurecirculateswithinthelocaleconomy,andtheremainderisexcludedfromthesubsequentcirculationeffect
incomemultiplier(IME)
8.2.3Economicintegrationanddiversification
Theconceptsoftheincomemultipliereffectiscloselylinkedwiththeideaofbackwardlinkages,thatis,thegoodsandservicesthat‘feedinto’orarerequiredbythetourismindustry.
♦Agricultureandcommercialfisheries
♦Transportation
♦Entertainment
♦Construction
♦Manufacturing
8.2.4Employment(directandindirect)
Employmentmultiplier
Fromtheperspectiveofimmediaterelevancetothegeneralpublic,thecreationofjobopportunitiesconstitutesoneofthemostpowerfulandpoliticallyastuterationalesforadestinationtopromoteitstourismsector.BecauseoftheIME,tourismexpendituresresultinthecreationofindirectjobopportunitieswhoserelationshiptotourismisnotreadilyapparent.
8.2.5Regionaldevelopment
♦Growthpolestrategy
Astrategythatusestourismtostimulateeconomicdevelopmentinsomesuitablylocatedarea(orgrowthpole),sothatthisgrowthwilleventuallybecomeself-sustaining
Thegrowthpolestrategyshouldbebasedonthefollowinglines:
▪Anappropriatesite(growthpole)shouldbeidentifiedbygovernment.
▪Publicandprivatecapitalswillbeinjectedintotheareasthroughgovernmentinitiativeandincentives.
▪Theinvestmentattractsemployees,supportedservicesandothertourismfacilities.
▪Economicgrowtheventuallybecomesself-sustainingandindependentoftourisminadirectsensewhenacriticalmassofresidentialpopulationisattained.Thenewinvestmentandsettlementisattractedbythelargelocalmarketratherthanbytourismopportunities.
Casestudy
TourismgrowthpoleinCancun,Mexco
8.2.6Growthpotential
8.2.7Formalandinformalsector
⏹Formalsector:
thecomponentoftheeconomythatissubjecttoofficialsystemsofregulationandremuneration.
⏹Theinformalsectoristhecomponentofasocietyeconomythatisunregulatedinanyofficialwaybytheformalinstitutionofthatsociety.
Casestudy
RethinkingtheinformalsectorinanIndonesiantouristdestination
8.3economiccosts
♦directfinancialcosts
♦indirectfinancialcosts
♦fluctuationsinintake
♦competitionwithothersectors
♦employmentproblems
8.3.1directfinancialcosts
♦Administration
♦Bureaucracy
♦Marketing
♦Research
♦Incentives
Table8.4ATCoperatingexpenses,1996/97
8.3.2indirectfinancialcosts
♦Revenueleakages
♦Enclaveresort
♦Demonstrationeffect
♦Indirectincentives
Revenueleakage:
♦importedcurrentgoodsandservicesthatarerequiredbytouristsorthetouristindustry(e.g.petrol,food)
♦importedcapitalgoodsandservicesrequiredbythetouristindustry(e.g.furnishings,taxis,architect’sfees)
♦factorpaymentsabroad,includingrepatriatedprofits,wagesandhotelmanagementfees
♦importsforgovernmentexpenditure(airport,roadandportequipment)
♦inducedimportsfordomesticproducerswhosupplythetouristindustry(e.g.fertilizertogrowthefoodconsumedbytourists)(English1986)
Consequence:
♦Theysiphonawaycirculationeffectsthatcouldbenefittheeconomyofthedestinationratherthantheexportingcountryorregion.
♦Theindirectcomponentisusuallylesstangibleandhardertogaugethandirectexpenses,andthereforemoredifficulttoidentifyandmeasureasafirststeptowardsaddressingtheproblem.
♦Eveniftheycanbemeasured,theirexistenceisusuallytheoutcomeoffundamentalshortcomingsintheeconomicstructureofthedestination,whichmakesthemextremelydifficulttoreduceorresolve.
♦Theimportsmaynotonlyservetodissuadelocalentrepreneursfromsupplyingsimilargoods,buttheymayactuallysqueezeoutexistinglocalcompetitorswhocannotmatchthequality,priceorquantityprovidedbytheexporter.
♦Theexistenceofleakagesimplies,toagreaterorlesserextent,aneconomicdependencyofthedestinationontheexporter,whichconstrainstheabilityofdestinationstakeholderstomanagetheirownaffairs.
8.3.3Fluctuationsinintake
♦Seasonality
(figure8.5seasonalvariationsinhoteldemandinspain,1980)
♦Fashion
♦Vulnerabilitytoinstability
(a)Byselectednationality
(b)Byselectedprovince
8.3.4competitionwithothersectors
TheattractionoftheIMEisthestimulationofadiverselocaleconomythroughthegenerationofsignificantbackwardlinkageswithinthedestination.Insomecases,however,acompetitiveratherthanacomplementaryrelationshipcanevolvebetweentourismandothersectorsinthelocaleconomy.
8.3.5employmentproblems
♦Theunskillednatureofmosttourismjobs,withrelativelyfewopportunitiesforupwardmobility
♦Thetendencyofemployerstotreatjobsrequiringhigherlevelsofskill(asincustomerservice)asunskilled
♦Highlaborturnover
♦Theweaknessofunionizationandcollectivebargaining
♦Thetendencyofmanyemployerstofloutminimumwageregulations
♦Wheretherearefewornoalternativestotourism,tourismcandepresslocalwagesbecauseofthelackofcompetition.
CASESTUDY
TourismDependencyontheCaribbeanIslandofAntigua
ThedilemmathatsmallislandsfaceastheyembraceinternationaltourismisnowherebetterillustratedthanontheCaribbeanislandofAntigua.Withalandareaofonly230squarekilometersandapopulationofabout65000,AntiguawaslongregardedasoneofEngland’smostvaluablecoloniesbecauseofitssugarproduction.Soonafterbeingsettledintheearly1620salmosttheentireislandwasconvertedintolargesugarestatesworkedbyslavesofAfrican,descent.Thevalueofsugardeclinedinthe1800sduetotheopeningupoflargersugar-growingcoloniesandtheemergenceofthesugarbeetindustry.Accordingly,Antiguabecameanimpoverishedcolonialbackwater,butone,however,whichremainedalmostentirelydependentontheailingsugarsector,giventheunsuitabilityofitsresourcesforalmostanyotheractivity.
Antiguahadalwaysaccommodatedatrickleofvisitorsduringthis‘pre-tourism’era,buttheturningpointfortourismoccurredafterWorldWarⅡwhenitsextraordinary3Sresourcesbecameevidenttoagrowingnumberofestateowners,developersandvisitors.Thefirstresorthotelwasopenedin1954,andby1963,527unitsofaccommodationhostedsome43000visitors.Duringthis‘transition’phasetheriseofthetourismindustrywasaccompaniedbyadeclineinthecontributionofagriculture(mostlysugar)totheisland’seconomy,althoughproductionlevelsin1963weresimilartothoseofthe1700s.themainreasonforthisdeclinewasthattourismrepresentedaviablealternativetothechronicallyailingsugarsector,allowingownersofestateslocatedon
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