3 American Romanticism 3EmersonHawthorn.docx
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3 American Romanticism 3EmersonHawthorn.docx
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3AmericanRomanticism3EmersonHawthorn
Transcendentalism
(1830s-CivilWar)
-ism:
Adistinctivedoctrine,theory
Tanscendental:
OriginallyaKantianterm
transcend:
**Lovetranscendsanyotherhumanemotion.
**Yourwordstranscendmyunderstanding.
gobeyondthelimitsofsth.
Q.Whatdoesittranscend?
NewEnglandTranscendentalism
TheTranscendentalClub
----In1836,someNewEnglandersmetinConcord,Massachusetts,todiscusstheology,philosophy,andliterature.
----Atfirst,theycalledthemselvestheSymposiumofHedgeClub,andlater,werecalledbytheirneighbors“Transcendentalists.”
----TheTranscendentalClubinvolvedsomethirtymenandacoupleofwomenincludingEmerson,Thoreau,Bronson,Alcott,andMargaretFuller.
----EmersonwasultimatelythemostrepresentativeTranscendentalist.
-----Theypublishedtheirjournal,TheDial《日冕》
MajorFeaturesofTranscendentalismasaPhilosophy:
TranscendentalismwasanintensifiedexpressionofRomanticism.
Transcendentalismemphasized-----
(1)Theimportanceofintuition.TheTranscendentalistsbelievedthatindividualscanintuitivelyreceivehighertruthsotherwiseunavailablethroughcommonmethodsofknowing.
Q.Whatdoesittranscend?
TheTranscendentalists“placedemphasisonspirit,ortheOver-soul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse”(Chang,2006:
57).
”TheOver-soulwasanall-pervadingspiritualpowerforgoodness,omnipresentandomnipotentfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallwereapart.Itexistedinnatureandmanalikeandconstitutedthechiefelementoftheuniverse”(ibid.).
(2)Theimportanceoftheindividual.
“…theindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine”(ibid.).
“Tothemtheindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety”Individuals—self-culture/self-improvement—regenerationofthesociety—influencedbyPuritanism
(3)Theimportanceofthenature.
“…theTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod”(ibid.).
RalphWaldoEmerson(爱默生)
Emersonistodayregardedasthe“Father”ofAmericanLiterature
Atalented,eloquentandpassionatespeaker.
LifeandMajorWorks
1803-borninBoston,adescendentfromalineofpreacherancestors.
1817-29–attendedHarvard,laterservedasapreacher,andmarriedEllenTucker.
1834-settledinConcord,andgotinvolvedintheTranscendentalClub.
1836-publishedhisfirstcollectionofessaysNature(《论自然》)(P.162)
1837-gave“TheAmericanScholar”(《论美国学者》)addressatHarvardtooneofwhomisHenryDavidThoreau.ThiswashailedbyOliverWendellHolmesas”OurIntellectualDeclarationofIndependence“.(P.163),followedby“DivinitySchoolAddress”(《神学院毕业班演说》)in1838.
1841–publishedEssays(《论文集》)(FirstSeries),including“History”,"Self-Reliance","TheOver-Soul”.
1844-publishedEssays:
SecondSeries(October19).Soldwell
1850–Alongeressay“RepresentativeMen"(《人类代表》)
Hiswritingstyle:
Remarkableeloquence(Short,shocking,quotablefullofepigrams,metaphors)
“Tobegreatistobemisunderstood”.
Basicallylecture;sometimestoopoetic;
“Someofhislectureswerelikegrandhousesinwhichthearchitecthadforgottentobuildstairs.”
SampleReading–“Self-Reliance”《论自助》
“Self-Reliance”isextractedfromEmerson’sEssays:
FirstSeries(1841).ItcontainsEmerson’sleadingtranscendentalideas.
Pre-readingquestion:
*Howdoyouunderstandtheword”self-reliance”?
*Towhatextentareyouself-reliant?
*Inamodernworldlikethis,whatstopsyoufrombeingself-reliant?
*WhatdoesEmersonmeanby”self-reliance”intheessay?
*AccordingtoEmerson,whatstopsapersonfrombeingself-reliant?
MajorThemes
First,hemaintains“trustthyselfandinsistonyourself”
Why?
Second,Emersonappealstopeoplenottobeaconformist.
Thirdly,Emersonbelievesthattheterrorthatscarespeoplefromself-trustarenotonlythetendencytoconformtosocialnormsbutconsistency,thatis,thetendencytobeconsistentwithone’spastactsandwords.
Questionsforfurtherconsideration:
1.In“Self-reliance”,Emersonpointsoutwhatconformityleadstoandadvocatesforself-reliance.Whatisthefoundationofself-reliance?
2.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardscharity?
Whydoesheholdsuchanattitude?
3.Emersonmaintainsthatatrueindividualmustnotbetrappedintomediocritybyhisownfearofbeinginconsistentornotinstepwithhispeers.Findsomeexamplesfromthisessaytoshowhisindividualism.
HenryDavidThoreau(梭罗)
Thoreauwas“asuglyassin,long-nosed,queer-mouthed”.
—byEmerson
Emerson’struestdisciple,arealpracticerofmanyofEmerson’stheories.
MajorWorks:
Walden(1854)(《瓦尔登湖》)
“CivilDisobedience”(1849)《论公民的不服从》
NathanielHawthorne(霍桑)
HerepresentedpessimismofTranscendentalism,andhisworksweremainlyaboutthedarksideofPuritanism.
“Allhislife,Hawthornseemedtobehauntedbyhissenseofsinandevilinlife.Readinghistalesandromances,onecannotbutbeoverwhelmedbythe‘black’visionwhichtheseworksreveal.
Lifeandmajorworks:
*Bornin1804inSalem,Massachusetts;someofhisancestorswereprominentPuritansinthe17th-century;
*One–notoriousforhispersecutionoftheQuakers.
Another—ajudgeattheSalemWitchcraftTrialin1692.
Graduallythefamilyfortunedeclined.
*From1825to1837helivedinsolitudeandseclusion.
*1837–Twice–ToldTales《尽人皆知的故事》
*1846-MossesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》
TheScarletLetter(《红字》)1850---Hester,Chillingworth,Dimmesdale(threekindsofsinners)
TheHouseoftheSevenGables(《带有七个尖角阁的房子》)1851---thewrongdoingofonegenerationwillleadtothepunishmentoftheoffspring.
TheBlithedaleRomance(《福谷传奇》)1852-awould-bemodernUtopianonethelessdestroyedbytheself-interestedbehaviorofsomeofitsmembers.T
heMarbleFaun(《玉石雕像》)1860----themoralmaturityofapersoncanonlybeachievedthroughhonestyandthepunishmentofsincanhelptobringaboutmoralgrowth.
“YoungGoodmanBrown”(《好小伙布朗》)-----sin,evil
*Heisconcernedwiththemoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectofsinofhischaracters.
"Onafield,Sable,theletterA,Gules"
AnalysisoftheWork
Questionsforconsideration
1.Accordingtosomecritics,thethreemaincharacters(Hester,Chillingworth,ReverendDimmesdale)ofTheScarletletterrespectivelyrepresentthreedifferenttypesofsinnersinthePuritansociety.Inwhatsensearetheysinful?
2.Mostcriticstendtoagreethattheimplicationsoftheletter“A”changeasthestorydevelops.Doyouagree?
Ifso,how?
3.Whydoesn’tthenovelfollowthenormalchronologicalsequence?
WhythesceneofHesterbeingpunishedshouldbeplacedatthebeginningofthenovel?
Q.1.Threetypesofsinners:
1.HesterPrynne—Thesinofadultery
--reconstructedherlifeandwonamoralvictory.
2.ArthurDimmesdale—Thesinofintentionallyconcealinghissin
--diedanhonestman
3.RogerChillingworth—AsHawthornecallsit,“theunpardonablesin”
Thesinofinvadingintoanotherperson’ssoulinordertomanipulatetheotherperson’swillforaveryselfishpurpose(seeTong,2002:
104).
Possiblethemeandunderlyingmeanings:
*Sinformsthecoreofhumanlife;
*Thebestpolicyforsinnedmanistobetrue,honestandreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.
Q.2.ThesymbolicmeaningsoftheScarletletterA?
Ding(2006:
55)summarizesthesymbolicmeaningsof“A”
fromfivedifferentlevels,namely,thetextuallevel,
emotionallevel,aestheticlevel,thelevelofcommunityaswell
asthelevelofpolitics:
A1=Adultery(通奸)Apple(禁果)
A2=Arthur(情人亚瑟)Adam(亚当)Adulteress
A3=Angel(天使)Able(能干)
A4=Amicable(和睦友好的女人)Admirable(可尊敬的女人)
A5=America(政教合一时代的美国)Authority(上帝的权威)
Thechangesofthesymbolicmeaningsofthescarletletter“A”:
Inthebeginning----Adulteress,AdulteryAgony,AlienationThen----Amicable,Able,Admirable
“Doyouseethatwomanwiththeembroideredbadge?
ItisourHester–thetown’sownHester–whoissokindtothepoor,
sohelpfultothesick,socomfortingtotheafflicted.”
Atlast-----Angel
AnotherPossibletheme
“ItisahymnonmoralgrowthandanattackofthesterncodeofPuritanism”(Tong,2002:
76).
Theyaverred,thatthesymbolwasnotmerescarletcloth,tingedinanearthlydye-pot,butwasre-hotwithinfernalfire,andcouldbeseenglowingallright,wheneverHesterPrynnewalkedabroadinthenight-time.(Hawthorne,1984:
95)
Passionandlife:
Warmth:
theactsofcharitysheperformstothoseintrouble
Sin:
intheBile,theJezeblewearsscarlet
Torture:
fireinthehell
TheSymbolicMeaningofthefourMajorCharacters’Names:
Pearl:
good,pureandprecious
HesterPrynne
Hester:
Hestier,GoddessofBeautyinGreekmythology,
Prynne:
prurientprune
pry:
probeintotheinteriorofone’sheart
ArthurDimmesdale
Arthur:
Adam,adultery
Dimmesdale:
dim+dale:
diminterior(tohideone’ssin)
RogerChillingworth
Roger:
rogue(revenge)
Chillingworth:
chilly(cruel,inhumane)
Q.3.WhythestorybeginswiththesceneofHesterbeingpunished?
“ToHawthorn’simaginationthefactthatthesetwopersonshadlovedeachothertoowellwasofaninterestcomparativelyvulgar;whatappealedtohimwastheirmoralsituationinthelongyearsthatweretofollow.”--HenryJames
WhatHawthornewaspredominantlyconcernedwithwasthemoral,emotional,andpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeopleingeneralandthosecomplicatedinitinparticular.(Tong,2002:
76)
HenryWadsworthLongfellow(1807—1872)
亨利.华兹沃斯.朗费罗
HisLife
*BornatPortland,Maine
*EducatedinprivateschoolsandatBowdoinandstudiedabroadfrom1826--1929
*Taughtmodernl
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