计算机体系结构试题及答案Computer architecture questions and answers.docx
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计算机体系结构试题及答案Computer architecture questions and answers.docx
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计算机体系结构试题及答案Computerarchitecturequestionsandanswers
计算机体系结构试题及答案(Computerarchitecturequestionsandanswers)
Questionsandanswersofcomputerarchitecture
1,benefitingfromthedevelopmentofhighperformancecomputer:
(1)thedevelopmentofcircuittechnology;
(2)thedevelopmentofcomputerarchitecturetechnology.
2,structure:
computersystemscanbeclassifiedbyfunctionoflanguageasamultilevelstructure,eachlayerindifferentlanguagefeatures.Sixth:
theapplicationofvirtualmachinelanguage->fifth:
high-levellanguagevirtualmachineassemblylanguage->Fourth:
->Third:
virtualmachineoperatingsystemvirtualmachine-levelsecond:
machinelanguage(traditionalmachinelevel)->Level1:
micromachinelevelprogram.
3,computerarchitecture:
seecomputerprogrammerattribute,namelythegeneralstructureandfunctionalproperties.
4,transparency:
incomputertechnology,thethingsorpropertiesalreadyexists,theconceptfromapointofviewandhavecalledtransparency.
5,theproposedarchitectureAmdahlattributereferstothecomputermachinelanguagelevelprogrammerssee.
Theessenceof36,aclassiccomputerarchitectureconceptistodeterminethecomputersystemhardwareandsoftwareinterface,whichistheinstructionsetdesign,abovetheinterfacebysoftwarefunctionrealization,interfacebyhardwareandfirmwarefunctionstoachieve.
7,computerorganizationisthelogicofthecomputersystem;computerisaphysicalcomputersystemtoachieve.
Thedifferenceandconnectionbetweenthe8,computerarchitecture,computerorganization,computer?
Answer:
asystemstructurecanhaveavarietyofcomponents,acomponentcanhaveavarietyofphysicalimplementation,includingsystemstructureresearchonorganizationandimplementation.
9,aseriesofmachine:
referstoasystemofthesamestructurebutwithdifferentorganizationandimplementationofaseriesofdifferenttypesofmachines.
10,softwarecompatibility:
thesamesoftwarecanberunwithoutchangeonthemachinesystemofthesamestructure,andtheresultstheygetthesame,theonlydifferenceisthedifferentrunningtime.
11,compatiblemachine:
differentmanufacturers,hasthesamecomputerarchitectures.
12,backwardcompatibilityisthebasiccharacteristicsofsoftwarecompatibility,isthefundamentalcharacteristicsofseriesmachine.
13,inthefieldofcomputermarketcanbedividedintothreemajorareas:
servers,desktopsystems,embeddedcomputing.
14,Moore:
integratedcircuitdensityapproximatelydoubledeverytwoyears.
Technologybasedanalysisof15quantitativeperformanceevaluation:
(1)(a)responsetime:
fromthebeginningtotheendofthetimebetweenevents;allthetimespentonthecomputertocompleteatask.(b):
thecompleteflowinunittimeandworkload.(c)x,yassumedtwocomputers;Xfasterthanymeans:
foragiventask,theresponsetimeofXislessthany.TheperformanceofXisseveraltimestheYreferstotheresponsetimeofX/y=nresponsetime,responsetimeandperformanceisinverselyproportionalto.
16,theprobabilityofeventpriorityprinciple:
(basicidea)fortheprobabilityofevents(themostcommonevent),givingprioritytouseitrightandresourcerights,toobtaintheglobaloptimalresults.
17,AmdahlLaw:
acceleratetheexecutionspeedofacomponentsystemperformanceobtainedspeedup,theimportanceislimitedbythecomponentsinthesystemof.Systemaccelerationratio=totalexecutiontime(improved)/totalexecutiontime(improved)=......
18,Amdahllawcorollary:
ifonlyforapartofthecomputerintheperformanceimprovementismoreimproved,theeffectofthesystem.Ifonlyapartofthewholetaskisoptimized,somuchtheaccelerationratioisnotgreaterthan1/(1-improvementratio).
19,theperformanceofCPU:
Cputime=totalnumberofclockcycles/clockfrequencyCpi=totalnumberofclockcycles(IC/CPI:
thenumberofclockcyclesperinstruction;theaverageICimplementationprocess:
thenumberofinstructions.)
TheperformanceofCpuformula:
totalCPUtime=CPI*IC/CPIclockfrequencywhichreflectsthecomputerarchitectureandcomputertechnology,computerinstructionset;Icreflectsthestructureandtechnologyofcomputerprogramminginstructionset;clockfrequency:
reflecttheimplementationofcomputertechnology,productiontechnologyandcomputerorganization.
20,parallelismreferstoatthesametimeortwoormorethantwokindsofpropertiesofthesameordifferentworkinthesametimeinterval.
Thesecondchapter
1,accordingtotheCPUinternalstorageunittypeofinstructionsetarchitectureforclassification,canbedividedintothestackbasedinstructionsetarchitecture,instructionsetarchitectureandaccumulatortypegeneralregistertypeinstructionsetarchitecture.
2,generalregistertypeinstructionsetmachineisfurthersubdividedinto3types:
Registertoregistertype(R-R),registermemorytype(R-M),amemoryregister.
3,addressing:
(1)registeraddressing:
example:
ADDR4R3,meaningRegs[R4]<-Regs[R4]+Regs[R3]
(2)immediatevalues:
example:
ADDR4,addressing3meanings:
Regs[R4]<-Regs[R4]+3
(3):
offsetcases:
ADDR4,100(R1)meaning:
Regs[R4]+Mem[100+Regs[R1]]
(4)registerindirectaddressing:
example:
ADDR4(R1)meaning:
Regs[R4]<-Regs[R4]+Mem[Regs[R1]]
(5)indexaddressing:
example:
ADDR3(R1+R2)meaning:
Regs[R3]<-Regs[R3]+Mem[Regs[R1]+Regs[R2]]
(6)directaddressingorabsoluteaddressing:
forexample:
ADDR1,(1001):
Regs[R1]<-Regs[R1]+Mem[1001]meaning
(7)memoryindirectaddressing:
example:
ADDR1,a(R3)meaning:
Regs[R1]<-Regs[R1]+Mem[Mem[Regs[R3]]]
(8)theincrementaddressing:
example:
ADDR1(R2)+meaning:
Regs[R1]<-Regs[R1]+Mem[Regs
(9)decrementaddressing
(10)zoomaddressing
Thefunctionofstructuredesignoftheinstructionset,4:
Theinstructionsetclassificationstructureinoperation
Thetypeofoperationexample
(1)arithmeticandlogicaloperationsonintegerarithmeticandlogicoperations:
addition,subtraction,and,oretc.
(2)datatransmissionLOAD/STORE
(3)controlbranch,jump,procedurecallandreturn,trap
(4)operatingsystemcalls,virtualmemorymanagement.
(5)floatingpointadditionandsubtractionoperation
(6)isconvertedtodecimaldecimaldecimaldecimaladd,multiply,tocharacters
(7)stringstringcomparison,mobile
(8)thepixeloperation,compressionoperation
5,complexinstructionmachine(CISC):
referstostrengthentheinstructionfunction,realizethefunctionofsoftwaretohardwaredesign,computersystemtorealizetheinstructionsetarchitecturebasedon.
TheshortcomingsoftheCISCinstructionset:
(1)inthecommandsystem,thefrequencyofuseofallkindsofordersisdifferent.
(2)theCISCinstructionsetarchitecturecomplexitybringscomplexityofcomputerarchitecture,whichnotonlyincreasesthedevelopmenttimeandcost,butalsoeasytocausethedesignerror.
(3)theCISCinstructionsetarchitecturecomplexitybringsgreatburdentotheVLSIdesign,isnotconducivetothemonolithicintegration.
(4)intheCISCinstructionsetarchitecture,manycomplexinstructionsrequireverycomplexoperation,soslow.
(5)intheCISCinstructionsetarchitecture,becauseofthedirectivefunctionisnotbalanced,notconducivetotheuseofcomputerarchitecturetechnology(suchasadvancedwatertechnology)toimprovetheperformanceofthesystem.
In1980s6,reducedinstructionsetcomputerdeveloped:
itspurposeistoreducetheinstructionsetofthecomplexityofthestructureasfaraspossible,inordertosimplifytherealizationofthegoalofimprovingperformance,butalsointoday'sinstructionsetisamaintrendofthestructureandfunctionofdesign.
Followthedesignprinciples:
(1)choosetousethehighestfrequencyofinstruction,andaddedsomeofthemostusefulinstructions.
(2)thefunctionofeachinstructionisassimpleaspossible,andcompletedinonemachinecycle.
(3)allhavethesamelengthastheinstruction.
(4)onlytheLOADandSTOREoperatinginstructionstoaccessmemoryandotherinstructionoperationisperformedintheregisterbetween.
(5)inasimpleandeffectivewaytosupportadvancedlanguage.
7operandtypes:
integer,decimal,floatingpoint(point),characters,strings,vectors,stacketc..
Therearetwowaystoexpress8,operandtypes:
(1)specifiedbytheoperationcodeencoding.
(2)datacanbeamarkbythehardwaretoexplainthetypeoftheoperandspecifiedbythesetags,soastochoosetheappropriateoperation.
9,theoperandtypesize:
byte(8),theword(16b),theword(32b),doubleword(64b)
Thethirdchapter
1,pipelinetechnology:
referstoarepeatofthetimingprocessisdecomposedintoseveralsubprocesses,andeachprocesscanbeeffectiveinitsspecialfunctionwithotherprocessesexecutingatthesametime.
2,pipelineclassification:
(1)accordingtothefunctionofthenumberofpoints:
singlefunctionpipeline,multifunctionalpipeline;
(2)accordingtotheconnectionbetweenthesametimesegmentstostaticanddynamicpipelinepipeline
(3)accordingtothelinelevel:
componentlevelpipeline(operationline),pipelinedprocessor(instructionpipelining),interprocessorpipeline(macropipeline)
(4)accordingtowhetherthereiswaterbetweeneachsectionofafeedbackloop:
linearandnonlinearpipelinepipeline
(5)accordingtothedatarepresentation:
scalarprocessor,vectorprocessor
3,thefirstprocessorcontrollerstructurecomprisesthreeindependentcontrollersandfourbufferstack.Thethreecontroller:
memorycontroller,controller,controlleroperationinstruction.Four:
thefirstinstructionbufferbufferstackstack,linearbufferstack,stackcurrentreadings,thenwritethenumberofstack.
4,thethroughp
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