语言与社会期末问题与答案汇总.docx
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语言与社会期末问题与答案汇总.docx
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语言与社会期末问题与答案汇总
1.Howdoyouunderstandtheinfluenceofcultureoncommunication?
1)Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.Ourculturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstothoseandcountlessquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowyouliveandcommunicatewithinthisworld.
2)Cultureisthefoundationofcommunication,andwhenculturesarediverse,communicationpracticesmaybedifferent.Countlessaspectsofculturehelpdetermineandguidecommunicationbehavior.
3)Theworldlooks,sounds,tastes,andfeelsthewayisdosebecauseourculturehasgivenyouthecriterionofperception.
2.Whatarethemajorfactorsthatinfluencelanguagecommunication?
Thethreeelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication:
(1)culturalvalues.Itinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Mostimportant,culturalvaluesguidebothperceptionandbehavior.
(2)worldview(religion).Aworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphiosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandwith“being”.
(3)Socialorganization.Themannerinwhichaculturearganizesitselfisdirectedtotheinstitutionswithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouandthegovernmentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehowyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithintheworld.
3.Discussthedifferencesbetweenpositivepolitenessstrategiesandnegativepolitenessstrategieswithexamples.
(1)Positivepolitenessstrategies:
thoseshowingthecloseness,intimacy,andrapportbetweenspeakerandhearer
Nagativepolitenessstrategies:
thoseindicatingthesocialdistancebetweenspeakerandhearer
(2)PositivePoliteness:
isredressdirectedtotheaddressee'spositiveface,hisdesirethathiswantsshouldbethoughtofasdesirable.Redressconsistsinpartiallysatisfyingthatdesirebycommunicatingthatone'sownwantsareinsomerespectssimilartotheaddressee’swants.ThelinguisticrealizationsofPositivePolitenessareinmanyrespectsrepresentativeofthenormallinguisticbehaviorbetweenintimates.
Nagativepoliteness:
Redressiveactionaddressedtotheaddressee’snegativeface.Addresseewantstohavehisfreedomunhinderedandhisattentionunimpeded.SpecificandfocusedtominimizetheparticularimpositionthattheFTAeffects.PolitenessinWesternculturesisalwaysconsideredwithnegativepolitenessbehaviour.
(3)CategoriesofPositivePoliteness:
Claimcommonground;
Categoriesofnegativepoliteness:
useindirectspeechacts;question;hedge(deliberatelyvagueexpression);bepessimistic;minimizetheFTA;givegifts
4.TrytofindexamplestoillustratethepositiveandnegativestrategiesusedintheChineseculturalcontextconsideringthefactorsof“in-group”vs.”out-group”membershipincommunication.
(1)Positivestrategies:
Usein-groupidentitymarkers;Usinganyoftheinnumerablewaystoconveyin-groupmembership:
addressforms,languageordialect,jargonorslangandellipses.
Examples:
“Honey,canyougivemethebeer?
”
“Heybrother,what’sgoingon?
”
“Howaboutadrink?
”
(2)Negativestrategies:
Opposingtensions:
desiretogiveheareran“out“bybeingindirect,andthedesiretogoonrecord.Solvedbythecompromiseofconventionalindirectness,theuseofphrasesandsentencesthathavecontextuallyunambiguousmeaningswhicharedifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning.
Examples:
“Canyoupleaseshutthedoor?
”
“Youcouldn’tpossiblytellmethetime,please?
”
5.WhatarethedistinctionsbetweenperformativesandconstativesaccordingtoAustin?
(1)Conditions:
trueorfalse(constative)-theconstativesutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse;felicityconditions(performative)-theperformativesrequirenotonly“theappropriatecircumstances.”butalsotheappropriatelanguage.
(2)grammaticalcriterion:
theperformativeverbisinthepresenttenseandeachsentencehassfirstpersonsubject
(3)lexicalcriterion:
”state”(constative)
“hereby”(performative)
6.Pleaseexplainthemaindistinctionbetweentheconceptofutteranceandtheconceptofsentencewithexamples.
(1)Utterancecansucceedasanactofcommunicationevenifthespeakerdoesnotpossesstheattitudeheisexpressing
Occasionallyutterancesarebothnonliteralandindirect.Forexample,onemightutter'Ilovethesoundofyourvoice'totellsomeonenonliterally(ironically)thatshecan'tstandthesoundofhisvoiceandtherebyindirectlytoaskhimtostopsinging.
Whenutteringthesentences,thespeakerisactuallydoingsomething,insteadofstatingordescribingsomething
(2)Therearemanysentenceswhosestandardusesarenotstrictlydeterminedbytheirmeaningsbutarenotimplicaturesorfigurativeuseseither
Thesentencedoesnotexpressacompleteproposition.
Sentencesusedforethicalevaluation
Sentencemeaningisconstitutedbyitsliteralmeaningandreferenceincontext.Themeaningisconveyedbytheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses(locutionaryact)followingthesyntacticandsemanticrules.
7.Illustratethefunctionofcontextininterpretingthemeaningoflanguageincommunication.
文本一:
Contexttoacertainextent,reducethebarriersofcommunication,makecommunicationmoresmooth,sothatcommunicationcanreceivegoodresults.Languageenvironmentisessentialforunderstandinglanguage.
(1)Contextisanimportantmeanstoresolveambiguity:
Anylanguagehasmanywordsareambiguous,usedinasentenceusuallyembodiesameaning,itmustmakeachoicebasedoncontext.Inalanguageenvironment,thespeakeronlypeopletoexpressameaning.PolysemyisalsoverycommoninEnglish,andsomekindofmeaningcanoftenbereflectedthroughthecontext.However,theexistenceofpolysemyandambiguitydoesnotcauseconfusionincommunication,becausethespecificcontextcanmakeitsimple.
(2)Contextisthebasisforunderstandingthemeaningofasentence:
Thesentencemeaningbesidestheliteralmeaningandtheimpliedmeaningoutside.Theconversationalimplicatureispeople,becauseofadiscoursemeaningdoesnotcomplywiththeprinciplesofconversation.Itisthetruemeaningofwordsaccordingtothecontextof,interpretationofdiscourseimplicationovertones.
文本二:
speakersofalanguagemustpossessinordertoexpresstheirintentionsandinterpretthoseofothers.Inordertoinvestigatehowwecan“makemeaning”byusinglanguageitisnecessarytobringinthenotionofcontext,thatis,thewaythevariouselementsarecombined,howtheyrelatetotheworldatlarge,andthepurposesforwhichtheyareused.Thissideoflanguagestudyisgenerallycalledpragmatics.Thecentralmessageofpragmaticsisthatmeaningdoesnotcomeready-madeor‘packaged’inwordsorsentences,butisconstructedbyspeakersandhearersthroughprocessesofinterpretation,inthecontextinwhichthelanguageisused.
Therearethreelevels(orlayers)ofcontext:
a)thelinguisticcontext;b)theinteractionalcontext,orthewaysinwhichpeople’sutterancesareorganizedandfollowoneanotherinaregularmanner;c)thesocialcontext,orthewaysinwhichinstitutional,socio-economic,cultural,andpoliticalconsiderationsinfluenceandareinfluencedbytheverbalactionsofpeople.
Therefore,touseEnglishappropriately,effectivelyandcriticallyinawiderangeofsituations,itisveryimportantforlearnersofEnglish,
8.Pleaseexplainthedifferencesofculturalcontextwithexamples.(课本178页划线部分)
9.Explaintheconceptsof“languagestyle”and“register”withyourownexamples.
(1)"languagestyle"meansduetotheauthor'slifeexperienceandartisticaccomplishmentofthecreationofthedifferentfeatures,languagestyleisawriterwithspecialstyleworksofcreativelanguage.Forexample,Pureandfreshandelegant:
libai,Stalldepressed:
Dufu,QingJianpopular:
Baijuyi,Thepowerfultragic:
Quyuan,Comfortquiet:
Taoyuanming,Boldsweep:
Caocao.
(2)Registerisoftenanindicatoroftheformalityorofficialnatureofanoccasion,oramarkofauthority.Linguistsmakethedistinctionthatregistervarieswithuse,ratherthanwiththeuser.Forexample,mostpeople'sspeechcontainspointers,lexical,syntactical,andphonological,oftheirclassorsocialstatus.Suchspeechchangesregisterwhenitisalteredtofitanoccasion,suchasappearingincourtorspeakingtoabureaucrat,writingascientificpaper,makingabusinesspresentation,orinteractingwithanolderrelativeorsmallchild.
10.Somepeoplearguethatgenderdifferenceinlanguageuseisakindofsubculturaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen.Whatisyouropinionontheissue?
Inmyopinion,wedonotPayattentiontothedifferencesofgenderlanguagedifferencesbutalsofocusonthesimilaritiesbetweenmenandwomeninlanguage.
Inordertofullyexplaintherelationshipbetweenlanguageandgender,weshouldpaymoreattentiontothedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenmenandwomen.Althoughmanyscholarsbelievethatmenandwomencomefromdifferentcultures,thiskindofcultureisjustadifferentsubculture.Themainstreamcultureplaysaveryimportantroleintheprocessofthesocializationofmenandwomen.Sowhetheritismaleorfemale,theywillbeintheprocessofsocializationtolearnthevaluesandbehaviorofthemainstreamculture,butalsolearntoscorethevaluesandbehavioroftheirownsubculture.Inthisway,theirbehavior,includinglanguagebehavior,musthavebothsimilaritiesanddifferences.Soitisnotr
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- 语言 社会 期末 问题 答案 汇总