Chapter Two胡壮麟语言学.docx
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Chapter Two胡壮麟语言学.docx
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ChapterTwo胡壮麟语言学
ChapterTwoSpeechSounds
I.Phonetics
1.Whatisphoneticsabout?
2.Branchesofphonetics.▲
3.Speechsounds▲★
3.1Howspeechsoundsaremade?
3.2ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds
3.3IPA▲
II.Phonology
1.Whatisphonologyabout?
2.Phonologicaltheories▲★
3.Somephonologicalrules▲
4.Suprasegmentalfeatures▲
III.ExercisestoChapterTwo
I.Phonetics
1.Whatisphoneticsabout?
Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallyproduced,transmittedandperceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,etc.
2Branchesofphonetics.
Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.(研究语音发音方式和发音位置的发声语音学)
Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.(研究语音物理属性即声音质量的声响语音学)
Auditoryorperceptualphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.(研究语音生物属性即接收状态的听觉语言学)
3Speechsounds
3.1Howspeechsoundsaremade?
SpeechOrgans:
1).Thepharyngealcavity:
thethroat
2).Theoralcavity:
themouth
3).Thenasalcavity:
thenose
Theoralcavity
Thetongue,theuvula,thesoftpalate(velum),thehadpalate,theteethridge(thealveolus),theteeth,thelips
•lips:
上下唇
•teeth:
上下齿
•teethridge(alveolus):
齿龈
•hardpalate:
硬腭
•softpalate(velum尖):
软腭
•uvula:
小舌
•tipoftongue:
舌
•bladeoftongue:
舌面
•backoftongue:
舌根
•vocalcords:
声带
•pharyngealcavity:
咽腔
•nasalcavity:
鼻腔
3.2ClassificationofEnglishSpeechSounds:
3.2.1.Consonants&3.2.2.Vowels
★Thestandardofclassfyingconsonantsandvowels
Intheprocessofproducingconsonantsandvowels,whethertheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetswithsomeobstructionornot.
★Thedefinitonofconsonant:
①Amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedbyaclosureinthevocaltract,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction.
②Inarticulatoryphonetics,aconsonantisaspeechsoundthatisarticulatedwithcompleteorpartialclosureoftheuppervocaltract,theuppervocaltractbeingdefinedasthatpartofthevocaltractthatliesabovethelarynx.Consonantscontrastwithvowels.
★Thedefinitonofvowel:
①Amajorcategoryofsoundsegments,producedwithoutobstructionofthevocaltractsothatairescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthorthenose.
②Inphonetics,avowelisasoundinspokenlanguage,suchasEnglishah!
[ɑː]oroh!
[oʊ],pronouncedwithanopenvocaltractsothatthereisnobuild-upofairpressureatanypointabovetheglottis.
3.2.1.ClassificationofEnglishConsonants:
3.2.1.1Placeofarticulation
3.2.1.2Mannerofarticulation
3.2.1.3Voicing
3.2.1.1PlaceofArticulation
★bilabial:
双唇音
Intheproductionofthesesounds:
Theupperandthelowerlipsarebroughttogethertocreateobstruction.
[p][b][m][w]
★labiodental:
唇齿音
Intheproductionofthesesounds:
Thelowerlipandtheupperteetharebroughtintocontacttocreatetheobstruction.
[f][v]
★dental:
齿音
Intheprocessofproducingthesesounds:
Thetipofthetongueandtheupperteetharebroughttogethertocreatetheobstruction.
[θ][ð]
★alveolar:
齿龈音
Intheprocessofproducingthesesounds:
Thetipofthetongueandtheupperteeth-ridgetocreatetheobstruction.
[t][d][s][z][n][l][r]
★palatal:
硬腭音
Intheprocessofproducingthesesounds:
Thebackofthetongueandthehardpalatearebroughttogethertocreatetheobstruction
[ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ][j]
★velar:
软腭音
Intheprocessofproducingthesesounds:
Thebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate(thevelum)arebroughttogethertocreatetheobstruction.
[k][g][ŋ]
★glottal:
声门音
Intheprocessofproducingthissound:
Thevocalcordsarebroughtmomentarilytogethertocreatetheobstruction.
[h]
3.2.1.2Mannerofarticulation
★stops/plosives:
塞音/爆破音
Astopisaconsonantcharacterizedby:
1).completeobstructionoftheoutgoingairstreambythearticulators;
2).abuildupofintraoralairpressure;and
3).arelease.
[p][b][t][d][k][g]
★fricatives:
擦音
Africativeisaconsonantproducedbyforcingthebreathstreamthroughaconstrictionformedbyarticulatorsinthevocaltract.
1).theobstructionispartial
2).theairisforcedthroughanarrowpassageinthemouth
[f][v][s][z][ʃ][ʒ][θ][ð][h]
★affricates:
塞擦音
Anaffricateisaconsonantcharacterizedashavingbothafricativeandastopmannerofproduction.
1).theobstructioniscompleteatfirst(stops);
2).isreleasedslowlywiththefrictionresultingfrompartialobstruction(fricatives).
[tʃ][dʒ]
★liquids:
流音
Theairflowisobstructedbutisallowedtoescapethroughthepassagebetweenpartorpartsofthetongue.
[l][r]
★nasals:
鼻音
Nasalreferstoaconsonantproducedwithcompleteclosureintheoralcavityalongwithaloweredvelumtoallowairflowthroughthenasalcavity.
[m][n][ŋ]
★glides:
滑音
Aglideisaconsonantcharacterizedbyacontinued,glidingmotionofthearticulatorsintothefollowingvowel;alsoreferredtoasasemi-vowel.
[w][j]
3.2.1.3voicing
★voiceless:
Theconsonantssproducedwithoutcausingvibrationofthevocalcordsarecalledvoicelessconsonants.
[p][t][k][f][s][θ][ʃ][tʃ][h]
★voiced:
Theconsonantsproducedwithcausingvibrationofthevocalcordsarecalledvoicedconsonants.
[b][d][g][v][z][ð][ʒ][dʒ][m][n][ŋ][l][r][w][j]
3.2.2.ClassificationofEnglishVowels
3.2.2.1Monophthongs
3.2.2.2Diphthongs
3.2.2.1Monophthongs
★Thepositionofthetongue
●Frontvowels:
[i:
][i],[e],[æ],[a]
●Centralvowels:
[ə:
],[ə],[۸]
●Backvowels:
[u:
],[u],[כ:
],[כ],[a:
]
★Theoppennessofthemouth
●Openvowels:
[æ],[a],[a:
],[۸],[כ]
●Semi-openvowels:
[ə],[כ:
]
●Semi-closevowels:
[e],[ə:
]
●Closevowels:
[u:
],[u],[i:
],[i]
★Theshapeofthelips
●Roundedvowels:
[u:
],[u],[כ:
],[כ]
●Unroundedvowels:
[i:
][i],[e],[æ],[a],[ə:
],[ə],[۸],[a:
]
★Thelenghthofthevowels
●Long(tense)vowels:
[u:
],[i:
],[כ:
],[a:
],[ə:
]
●Short(lax)vowels:
[u],[i],[כ],[a],[ə],[e],[æ],[۸]
3.2.2.2Diphthongs
[ei],[ai],[au],[əu],[כi],[iə],[eə],[uə]
3.3IPA
In1886,thePhoneticTeachers’AssociationwasinauguratedbyasmallgroupoflanguageteachersinFrancewhohadfoundthepracticeofphoneticsusefulintheirteachingandwishedtopopularizetheirmethods.
ItwaschangedtoitspresenttitleoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(IPA)in1897.
In1886,DanishgrammarianandphoneticianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)proposedTheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabet.
ThefirstversionoftheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(theIPAchart)waspublishedinAugust1888.
TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(Revisedto2005):
P28
★Narrowandbroadtranscription:
Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyandtheotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Theformeriscalledbroadtranscription,thelatteriscallednarrowtranscription.
Diacritics:
itisasetofsmallsymbolswithwhichtheIPAprovidesitsusers.Theyareusuallyaddedtotheletter-symbolstoindicatefinerphoneticqualitiesinnarrowtranscription.
II.Phonology
1.Whatisphonologyabout?
(Thedefinitionofphonology)
Itstudiesthesoundsystemsoflanguages,itisconcernedwiththepatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,itsprimaryaimistodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andexplainthevariationsthatoccur.Italsostudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.
----胡壮麟
Phonologystudiesthesystemofspeechsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
----何兆熊,梅德明
Phonologyisthescientificstudyofthesoundsystemandpatternsofalanguage.
----刘润清
2.Phonologicaltheories
2.1Importantterms:
Phoneme,Allophones,Phones,Freevariants
★Phoneme:
thesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcandistinguishmeaning.
1).Phonemeisthestudyfocusofphonology.
2).Aphonemedistinguishesmeaning.
3).Aphonemeislanguage-specific.
4).Embracedbyslantlines:
//
e.g.peak,speak
Phoneme(inthesetwowords):
/p/,/i:
/,/k/,/s/
[phi:
k],[spi:
k]
[ph],[p]
+aspirated
Voicelessbilabialstop
Phones(inthesetwowords):
[ph][i:
][k][s][p][i:
][k]
★Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.
★[ph,p]aretwodifferentphonesandarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophones.
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
e.g.pit,spit,tip,feel,leaf,sleep
Phoneme:
Phone:
Allophone:
Doyouthinkphonescandistinguishmeaning?
Doyouthinkallthephonemeshavetheirallophones?
★FreeVariants
either
direction
fast,past,half
cup
Iftwosoundsoccuringinthesameenvironmentdonotcontrast,thatis,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword,thenthetwosoundsareinfreevariationandthetwosoundsarecalledfreevariants.
2.2Minimalpair,Minimalset
★MinimalPairs
boy,toy
bad,bed
fly,flee
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
★MinimalSet
pill,till,bill,kill,will,gill
beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat
2.3
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