如何写主题句教学教材.docx
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如何写主题句教学教材.docx
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如何写主题句教学教材
如何写主题句
如何写主题句?
肯定句
Example:
Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore.
主题句出现的位置:
段首
如何写好主题句
1)要写合乎语法的句子
Example1:
TwocausesoftheAmericanCivilWar.
这个句子是个不完整的句子,不合乎语法,因此不能用作主题句。
Example2:
ThereweretwocausesthatledtotheAmericanCivilWar.
重写后的句子合乎语法,是个较好的主题句。
2)要使用限写词限定主题
为了正确表达观点,好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组,即限制词(controllers)限制这一观点。
Example3:
Airtravelismoreconvenientthantrainforatleastthreereasons.
从上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“airtravel”(topic),他将要把“train”(aspect)和“airtravel”作比较,并且陈述“reasons”。
由此可见,作者在“aspect”(方面)和“reason”(原因)两方面限制他的主题。
3)要注意主题的可写性
所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。
Example4:
InHemingway'sstory“Soldier’sHome”,KrebstellshismotherthathewantsnopartofGod'sKingdom.
这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写,无法展开段落。
Example5:
InHemingway'sstory“Soldier’sHome”,Krebisalonely,cynicalveteran.
这个句子可作为主题句,因为可以围绕“lonely,cynical”展开段落。
Example6:
Letmetellyousomethingaboutoverpopulation.
这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。
如何写论据
论证方法:
同一段可以使用多个论证手段
但是:
不是说每一段都得使用到这几种,将论证方法分散到你的论据中。
不要成了填空式作文。
1.扩展主题句
(基本句型)
1.扩展主题句:
A:
同义替换
1.inotherwords换言之
2.thatistosay也就是说
3.tobemoreprecise说的具体一些
4.by…Imean我的意思是
5.thismeans…这意味着
6.Namely
主题句中的名词讲清楚---抽象名词具体化
Thecostoflivinghasbeensteadilyrisinginthepastdecades.
Foodprices,clothingcosts,housingexpenses,andtuitionfeesannuallyincreasedby5.59%overtheperiodof1995to2008.
TS:
Foronething,offeringacademicknowledgecancontributetostudents’achievement.
使用拓展主题句方法展开:
Thatistosay,inprimaryschool,childrenshouldbeinstilledtheabilityofspellChinesecharactersandbasicmathematicalknowledgewhichensurethemmasteringthecommonsenseindailylifeandofferingthefirststepoffurthereducation.
展开支持句的方法:
1.因果展开
Anadvantageofgoingtoschoolatanearlyageisthatchildrendevelopfastersocially.
展开句:
theylearnhowtomakefriendswithotherchildrenofasimilarage.Thisisoftennotpossibleathomebecausetheirbrothersorsistersareolderoryounger.
Carcompaniesshouldhelppeoplebetterunderstandelectriccars.
展开句:
Asfuelpricesareveryhigh,peoplewillbuyelectricaresiftheyknowthatelectriccarssavethemmoneyinthelongterm.
Theinternetisthekeytotheknowledgeandinformationavailableintheworldtoday.
展开句:
Therefore,itisimportantthatchildrenlearntousetheequipmentwithconfidence.
2.举例展开
Weneedtoimprovethepublictransportservicesavailabletotravelers
展开句:
Forexample,ifbetterundergroundtrainsystemswerebuiltandmaintainedinourmajorcities,thentrafficontheroadswouldbereduced.
Childrenneedtodevelopsocialskills.
展开句:
Agoodwayforthemtodothisisthroughactivitiessuchasteamsportsandplayingwithotherchildren.
举例子常用短语
1.Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationofthisideathanthefactthatmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearefindingiteasiertogetjobs.
2.AgoodcaseinpointisWuhan,whichhasapedestrianshoppingstreet.
3.Takemyfatherasanexample.
4.toillustrate,asanillustration
3.对比展开
Peopletodayarelessactivethantheyusedtobe.
展开句:
MostadultsrelaxbywatchingtelevisionorbrowsingtheInternet,whilechildrenplayvideogamesinsteadofplayingsports.
Youngpeoplewhopassdirectlyfromschooltouniversityhavelimitedexperienceoftheworld.
展开句:
Bycontrast,thosewhohavespentsometimetravelingtootherplaceshaveabroaderviewoflife.
对比论证Comparisonandcontrast
A:
具体情况反对对比
B:
过去和现在的对比
Shouldyoungadultswantindependencefromtheirparentsassoonaspossible?
TS:
Atthecontemporarysociety,moralguidanceshouldbeofferedbyparentstoensurethoseyoungfellowstorefrainfrommisleadingbyinappropriatematerials.
第一句:
如果年轻人没有适当的保护直接面对社会上所有的诱惑,他们就会比和父母生活在一起的同龄人更有可能走上犯罪道路。
Ifyoungadultsareexposedwithoutproperprotectionfromtheirparentstoallthetemptationsandevilsofsociety,theyaremorelikelytofallintoalifeofcrimethanpeopleofthesameagewhostilllivewiththeirparents.
第二句:
转折
相反,对于那些依然和父母生活的年轻人来说,他们会知道当他们有困难的时候该怎么做。
Conversely,forthosewhostillstaywiththeirfamilies,theymightbeinformedofcorrectwayswhentheyareintrouble.
论据综合实例
Somepeoplethinkthatnewsmediaisnegativeforsociety,whatisyouropinion?
Thenewsmediaistheonlywayforthepublictobeinformedofavarietyofusefulknowledgeininformationsocietyandthereisnosubstituteatthemoment.
Inthepast,andindividualhadtodealwithveryfewthingswithinonedayandthereforeitwaspossibleforhimtoknowwhathappenedaroundhiminperson.Butnowadays,withthetrendofglobalization,hecouldvirtuallydonothingwithoutthenewsmedia.Forexample,thenewsstoriesabouttheeducationpoliciesabroadandtheoverseasstudyingexperiencehaveaddictedparentsandtheirchildrentoselectthesuitableuniversitiesbeforetheyhavenotgottheopportunitytovisitthecountryinvolved.
4.类比展开
Itgivespupilsmoreopportunitytochoosesubjectsfreely.
展开句:
Forexample,amuchhigherproportionofgirlsstudysciencewhentheyattendgirls’schoolsthangirlsinmixedschooldo.Similarly,boysinsing-sexschoolsaremorelikelytostudylanguages,whichareoftenthoughtofastraditionalsubjectsforgirls.
Topsportsprofessionalsarepaidhugesalaries.
展开句:
Likefilmstars,theyliveinlargehousesanddriveexpensivecars.
5.让步展开
Manyadvertisingcompaniesproduceadvertisementswithfamousactorsorsingers
展开句:
People,especiallyyoungpeople,buygoodsthattheirfavoriteactorsorsingersadvertise,althoughtheydonotreallyneedtheproducts.
Mostoftherubbishcomesfromthepackagingfromthethingswebuy.
展开句:
Evenifwebuyfreshwithoutpackaging,westillproducerubbishfromplasticbags.
6.假设展开
Securitycamerascandetercriminals.
展开句:
Iftheyseeasecuritycamera,theymaythinktwiceaboutbreakingintoabuildingorstealingacar.
Weneedtoimprovethepublictransportservicesavailabletotravelers.
展开句:
Forexample,ifbetterundergroundtrainsystemswerebuiltandmaintainedinourmajorscities,thentrafficontheroadswouldbereduced.
Stressfulworkingconditionsmeanthatphysicalactivityisnolongerpartofourworkingorleisuretime.
展开句:
Iftherewereeasy-to-reachsportscenters,wewouldbemorelikelytomakeexercisearegularpartofourlives.
Governmentfundingforpublicartprojectsshouldbecontinued.
展开句:
Withoutsuchfunding,citiesandtownswouldbemuchlessinterestingandattractive.
If......thenmaybelikelytowithout...,.....would......
7.下定义展开
Theyareallowedtohavewhatevertheywant.
展开句:
Thismeansthatthechildrengrowupwithoutanyunderstandingofwheretheirstandardoflivingcomesfrom.
Thosewhohavespentsometimeearningalivinghaveabroaderviewoflife.
展开句:
Theytendtobemoreindependent,whichisaveryimportantfactorinacademicstudyandresearch.
8.限定范围(取或舍)展开
Thebirthrateisdecreasingsothatfamiliesaresmallerwithfewerchildren.
展开句:
Thesechildrenareoftenspoilt,notintermsofloveandattention,butinmorematerialways.Theyareallowedtohavewhatevertheywant.
Carsownerscanalsohelptoreducepollution.
展开句:
Theycantakepublictransportratherthandrivingwheneverpossible.
让步段的写法
必須指出
让步段是问题的次要方面
或者有解决方案
学生是否应该兼职?
Thesis:
Studentsshouldtakepart-timejobs.
Point1:
Studentscanmakesomemoney.
Point2:
Studentscangetsomeworkingexperience.
Concession:
Admittedly,takingapart-timejobmayhavesomedisadvantages.Forinstance,ifstudentsspendexcessivetimeonpart-timejobs,theiracademicperformancemightdrop.However,Istillthinkthebenefitsofpart-timejobsoverweighthenegativeeffects.
如何写末段:
首段
引出主题+总论点
中间段落
分论点1+论证
分论点2+论证
分论点3+论证
末段
重申总论点+补充说明
宗旨:
重申总论点和最重要的分论点
结构:
首词(表示总结的关联词)+重申总论点+补充说明
议论类的关联词
Inanutshell/insum/allinall/inconclusion/
Itisaninescapableconclusionthat
Whenallthefactorsareexamined,wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat
Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecanseethat(itisobviousthat,personally,Ifirmlyholdthat)….
二.问题解决类文章的首词或首句(结尾段需要给出建议类型)
Nevertheless,numeroussolutionstothisproblemmaybefound.
Frommypointofview,whatteenagersareinurgentneedofisto…
Torelieveit,Iwishtosuggestthreeappropriatemeasures.
三.两边倒
1).总论点+两面性不影响特性
2).总论点+结合两方面
1).总论点+两面性不影响特性
Therearevariouskindsofmediausedforcommunicatinginformation,suchasthetheatre,films,comics.TV,radioandbooks.Whichdoyouthinkisthemosteffective?
Howdoyouthinkaboutit?
.......
Inaword,TVhasbothitsstrengthsanditsweakness.Yetthistwo-sidednessdoesnotpreventTVbeingthemosteffectiveofallthemediainsocietytoday.
2).总论点+结合两方面
Surveillancecameras------
Allinall,thebestsolutionisforbothsidestorespecteachother’sneeds.Theshopkeepershouldplacesurveillancecamerasinsuchawaythatthecustomerdoesnotfeelthatheorsheisbeingspiedupon.Atthesametime,thecustomershouldrespecttheshopkeeper’sconcernabouttheft.
四.一边倒
1)总论点+最重要的分论点
2)总论点+否则
总论点+最重要的分论点
Deathpenalty-----
Personally,Iamanopponentofthedeathpenalty.Mistakescouldbemadewhichitisnotpossibletorectify.Inaddition,thereisnoevidencethatthedeathpenaltyhastheeffectofreducingcrime,whichissurelytheaimofpunishment.
总论点+否则
Somepeoplethinkthat,asscientistscontributemoretothedevelopmentofoursocietythanotherpeople,sciencestudentsgetmorefinancialsupportfromthegovernmentthanotherstudentsget.Doyouagreeordisagree?
-------
Insum,theneedsofscienceandartsstudentsforhighereducationshouldbedulyandequallyaddressedbythegovern
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